2 days
2 weeks
2 months
4 6 hrs.
B. 2 weeks
should be treated with more analgesics
must undergo metabolic worked out
are unlikely to pass out spontaneously
chemolysis should be tried first
ESWL
URS
PCNL
none of the above
ESWL
PCNL
radial nephrolithotomy
pyelolithotomy with ureteral stenting
they are multiple and small in size
usually, they are voided spontaneously
they, rarely, form large stones within the peripheral zone
contrast CT is the conventional method for diagnosis
commonly unilateral
commonly due to repeated infections
urate stones are the second most common cause of staghorn calculi
ESWL monotherapy with ureteral stenting is the ideal treatment
calcium monohydrate
calcium oxalate
ammonium urate
none of the above
the initial step is papillary plaque formation
crystals formation occurs inside the nephron
tubular precipitates form harmless crystalluria
the attraction of organic compounds and activation crystallization is regulated by osteopontin
because urine and body secretions are highly concentrated
due to renal leak hypercalciuria
as a result of distal renal tubular acidosis type I
because of reduced or absent of oxalobacter formigenes colonization
high citrate, high oxalate
low citrate, low oxalate
high citrate, low oxalate
low citrate, high oxalate
they are metabolic stones that form at high urinary pH
they score 800 1000 HU on CT
only 25% of affected patients have Gout disease
affected patients must stop eating animal protein
impaired renal tubular calcium reabsorption
excessive glomerular leak of calcium
deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase
hypercalcemia
localization of stones in the ureter is difficult or impossible
inability to visualize stones breaking down in real time
c. patient`s position on ESWL table is uncomfortable
d. inability to visualize radiolucent stones
stones in a solitary kidney
ureteral stones causing bilateral obstructions
a kidney stone of ≥ 2.5 cm in size
all of the above
increase urinary calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion
decrease urinary calcium; but increase oxalate, and uric acid excretion
increased urinary calcium and uric acid; but decrease oxalate excretion
decreased urinary calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion
aminoglycosides
macrolides
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
size of 5 mm
location at the lower calyx
density of 400 HU
being recurrent
calcium phosphate
calcium oxalate monohydrate
sodium urate
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
to stent the ureter after ureteral surgery
to facilitate stone passage
after a tough ureteroscopy procedure
all of the above
the preferred access into the collecting system is through a posterior calyx
the posterior calyceal group is typically more medial than in the normal kidney
in most cases the lower pole calyces are posterior
it is desirable to make an upper pole collecting system puncture
hypertensive patient
patient on aspirin withheld 5 days prior to ESWL
a stone in a scared poorly functioning kidney
ESWL every other day
chemical analysis of a recovered stone
hypercalcemia
CT finding
high breakability on ESWL
formation of triple-phosphate stones
infection with Proteus species
increase production of endogenous uric acid
increase level of uric acid in THE blood
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
ESWL
PCNL with fulguration of the diverticulum
ureteroscopy with fulguration of the diverticulum
pyelolithotomy with diverticulectomy
can be introduced from the bladder or kidney or any part of the ureter`s course
the standard adult size is 32 cm long, 4 mm calibre
might result in encrustations and ureteral obstruction
might result in ureteral dilation
result from an inherited defect of renal tubular reabsorption of cysteine
characteristically, urate and cysteine stone are radiolucent
cysteine is a dibasic amino acid
on plain X-ray, cysteine stones exhibit ground-glass appearance
wet chemical analysis
thermogravimetry
scanning electron microscopy
none of the above
patients should be given large amounts of fluids to hasten stones passage
fluids are given to keep the patient well hydrated
the recommended regimen is 2 L of ringer lactate over 2 hours
fluids are contraindicated if desmopressin (DDAVP) was given
spinal cord injury
senile enlargement of prostate
augmented bladder
neurogenic hyper-reflexive bladder
active UTI is an absolute contraindication
fluoroquinolone is the first choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis
withholding aspirin for only 10 days is enough
despite sterile urine, stone fragmentation might release hidden bacterial endotoxins and viable bacteria