A. α-Mercaptopropionylglycine

B. acetohydroxamic acid

C. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

D. xanthine oxidase inhibitors

A. a stone in the lower calyx with a wide mouth of infundibulum and obtuse lower calyx to ureter angle

B. a stone in an anterior group calyceal diverticulum with thin overlying renal parenchyma

C. 5 mm calcium-containing stone in an intrarenal pelvis and wide UPJ

D. 6 years post anatrophic nephrolithotomy, recurrent mid calyceal stone

A. indinavir

B. magnesium ammonium phosphate

C. xanthine

D. matrix

A. steinstrasse

B. a stone in ureterocele

C. fever, leucocytosis, pain

D. brushite stones

A. to stent the ureter after ureteral surgery

B. to facilitate stone passage

C. after a tough ureteroscopy procedure

D. all of the above

A. ≥ 2 cm diameter

B. upper calyx location

C. Na.urate composition

D. 600 - 800 HU density

A. dissolves cystine stones

B. enhances nephrocalcinosis process over old scared areas

C. inhibits Ca.oxalate aggregation and crystallization

D. plays a secondary role in metastatic calcification process

A. can be placed through perc. nephrostomy

B. might slip out, especially in females

C. usually radiopaque

D. all of the above

A. they are mandatory when urine shows ≥ 10 WBCs/hpf in symptomatic patients

B. they aim at treating pyonephrosis and urosepsis

C. they should cover Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella species

D. All of the above

A. cystine

B. brushite

C. Ca.oxalate monohydrate

D. Ca.oxalate dihydrate

A. is symptomless

B. should undergo a trial of milking out

C. diverticulectomy and stone extraction is the treatment of choice

D. ESWL is the preferred treatment option

A. blood cells more than pus cells

B. pus cells if infection was superadded

C. crystals might appear

D. all of the above

A. orthophosphates may have a role in the treatment

B. hyperparathyroidectomy and levothyroxine replacement is the optimum treatment

C. management includes Calcium chelating agent and repeat 24hr urine collection in 3 months

D. surgical excision of the adenoma(s) is the treatment of choice

A. hypertensive patient

B. patient on aspirin withheld 5 days prior to ESWL

C. a stone in a scared poorly functioning kidney

D. ESWL every other day

A. α-Mercaptopropionylglycine

B. acetohydroxamic acid

C. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

D. xanthine oxidase inhibitors

A. it causes reduction in the mean intra-ureteral pressure

B. it reduces the pain of acute renal colic

C. it has a direct relaxing effect on the renal pelvis and ureteral musculature

D. it is indicated when stones are ≤ 4 mm in diameter

A. Proteus mirabilis

B. E. coli

C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

D. Staphylococcus epidermidis

A. xanthine

B. ammonium urate

C. cystine

D. calcium oxalate dihydrate

A. renal stones are found in 20% of patients with primary HPT

B. acidic arrest promotes crystallisation of calcium phosphate stones related to HPT

C. HPT, vitamin D excess, and malignancy could lead to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria

D. only surgery can cure primary HPT

A. when stones are multiple and/or recurrent

B. when stones form in childhood

C. in cases where nephrocalcinosis and urolithiasis are present

D. all of the above

A. the initial step is papillary plaque formation

B. crystals formation occurs inside the nephron

C. tubular precipitates form harmless crystalluria

D. the attraction of organic compounds and activation crystallization is regulated by osteopontin

A. impaired renal tubular calcium reabsorption

B. excessive glomerular leak of calcium

C. deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase

D. hypercalcemia

A. it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate

B. magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption

C. diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy

D. potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels

A. terminal ilium resection

B. liver transplantation

C. kidney transplantation

D. regular hemodialysis

A. 3 6 %

B. 12 15 %

C. 0.4 0.8 %

D. 0.09 0.14 %

A. result from an inherited defect of renal tubular reabsorption of cysteine

B. characteristically, urate and cysteine stone are radiolucent

C. cysteine is a dibasic amino acid

D. on plain X-ray, cysteine stones exhibit ground-glass appearance

A. size of 5 mm

B. location at the lower calyx

C. density of 400 HU

D. being recurrent

A. stones at posterior urethra could be pushed back to the bladder

B. stones at anterior urethra have to undergo a trial of milking out, using copious intra-urethral xylocaine gel

C. often respond to a two-week course of tamsulosin

D. respond to Holmium laser treatment

A. by lowering urinary saturation of Ca.oxalate

B. by preventing heterogeneous nucleation of Ca.oxalate

C. by inhibiting spontaneous precipitation and agglomeration of Ca.oxalate

D. by all of the above

A. 400 600 HU

B. 600 800 HU

C. 800 1000 HU

D. 1000 1200 HU

A. high citrate, high oxalate

B. low citrate, low oxalate

C. high citrate, low oxalate

D. low citrate, high oxalate