advanced age
anatomical anomalies
poor drug compliance
smoking
C. poor drug compliance
type I could harbor prostate abscess
type II presents as intermittent urinary tract infections
type III-a presentation might include psychological complaints
between 10-15% of men with type IV, have pus cells in their semen but no symptoms
perivesical abscess with fistula to bladder
acute tubular necrosis
renal papillary necrosis
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
nucleic acid amplification tests are the preferred to diagnose Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections
shows dark yellow, purulent, thick urethral discharge
the most common site of the infection is the endocervix
the incubation period is 2 3 weeks
pH of vaginal secretions increases after menopause
estrogen deficiency manifests as trophic urethritis and atrophic vaginitis
topical conjugated estrogen replacement carries a significant risk of breast and endometrial cancers
manifestations might include obstructive symptoms and non-infectious cystitis
pelvic inflammatory disease
lymphogranuloma venereum
infertility
all of the above
characterized by neurovirulence
the incubation period of primary genital herpes is 2 3 weeks
HSV can be isolated in the urine
HSV-1 infection causes urethritis more often than HSV-2 does
fever, chills, abdominal pain
costovertibral angle tenderness
hypogastric and loin pain
flank pain, dysuria
should be distinguished from testicular torsion in the emergency setting
viral epididymitis is commoner in the elderly
chronic epididymitis might complicate BPH
chronic epididymitis might require epididymectomy
trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
30
40
50
60
16
18
22
12
N. gonorrhea and C. trachomatis
E. coli and Pseudomonas species
Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species
Trichomonas vaginalis and Gardnerella vaginalis
could be a complication of chronic epididymitis and orchalgia
testicular torsion must be excluded
infected hair follicles and scrotal lacerations are predisposing factors
urethral discharge is not uncommon presentation
natural sloughing of bladder mucosa
voiding
urine osmolarity
urine pH
tuberculous ulcer
malignant ulcer
gummatous ulcers
traumatic ulcer
in catheterized individuals, entry of bacteria into the bladder is facilitated by the bacterial glycocalyx biofilm
infection cannot be reliably distinguished from bacteriuria by lab tests
co-trimoxazole is the preferred antibiotic for empiric therapy
symptomatic UTI may be a diagnosis of exclusion
necrosis of the superficial and deep fascial planes
fibrinoid thrombosis of the nutrient arterioles
polymorphonuclear cell infiltration
all of the above
kidneys, prostate and epididymi
bladder, ureters and renal pelvis
vasa, scrotum and adrenals
testes, bladder neck and seminal vesicles
multiple antiretroviral drugs can be combined into a single pill
might cause radiolucent renal stones
can lead to a significant rise in the serum level of PDE5 inhibitors, if taken simultaneously
have the advantage of structured treatment interruptions (drug holidays)
taking urine samples by draining the urine bag
daily cleansing the external meatus
placing the urine bag on the floor
changing the urine bag once it is full
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Kaposi sarcoma,
Hodgkin lymphoma
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
cervical cancer
45% are caused by E. coli
related to an indwelling urinary catheter in approximately 40% of cases
responds fairly to oral antibiotics
tends to report higher antibiotic resistance
once a catheter is placed, the daily incidence of bacteriuria is 3-10%
on long-term catheterization, over 90% of patients develop bacteriuria
the practice of using urinary catheters to control incontinence in bedridden patients should be discouraged
urine bags should be placed on the floor to enhance gravity drainage
advanced age
anatomical anomalies
poor drug compliance
smoking
should be flushed frequently, but no antibiotic is advised
should be treated if febrile UTI has developed
should be treated only if urine culture is positive
should be treated once the catheter is removed
uncontrolled DM
sexual activity with multiple partners
high vaginal receptivity to bacterial adherence
all of the above
aminopenicillins
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
probably due to antibody/antigen reaction
has no diagnostic findings on cystoscopy
has no specific medical therapy
on histology, Von Brunn`s nests appear invaginating the urothelium into the lamina propria
scrotal support and elevation
ice packs
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
urethral catheterization