scrotal support and elevation
ice packs
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
urethral catheterization
D. urethral catheterization
uncontrolled DM
sexual activity with multiple partners
high vaginal receptivity to bacterial adherence
all of the above
multiple antiretroviral drugs can be combined into a single pill
might cause radiolucent renal stones
can lead to a significant rise in the serum level of PDE5 inhibitors, if taken simultaneously
have the advantage of structured treatment interruptions (drug holidays)
chronic pyelonephritis and HTN lead to ESRD in 10% of the cases
neonatal symptoms of UTI are vague and non-specific, that delay the diagnosis and end in more scarring
despite adequate treatment, scarring continues after an attack of pyelonephritis as a chronic immune reaction against renal tubules
neonates have low intrarenal pelvic pressure, that predisposes to ascending infections
giant staghorn stone
perivesical abscess with fistula to the bladder
bacterial resistance
self-inflicted infection
is defined as a polymicrobial chronic infection of the perineal, perianal, or genital areas
as the disease progresses, branches from the inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and external pudendal arteries get thrombosed
presents as a dark skinned-scrotum, subcutaneous crepitation, and foul smell
surgical debridement often spares the testes
necrosis of the superficial and deep fascial planes
fibrinoid thrombosis of the nutrient arterioles
polymorphonuclear cell infiltration
all of the above
small indirect inguinal hernia may irritate the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve causing orchialgia
might respond to a selective nerve block
the recommended treatment is orchiectomy with implantation of a testicular prosthesis
psychotherapy and stress management might alleviate the pain
condom catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to urethral
suprapubic catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to urethral
latex catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to silicon
intermittent catheterization carry less risk of UTI if compared to indwelling catheters
45% are caused by E. coli
related to an indwelling urinary catheter in approximately 40% of cases
responds fairly to oral antibiotics
tends to report higher antibiotic resistance
manifests as recurrent renal colics due to ureteral obstruction
treatment is surgical mobilization of ureter and ligation of the vein
commonly, occurs at the left side
the pain worsens on sitting upright and during pregnancy
greater than 8 fold
greater than 6 fold
greater than 4 fold
comparable
acute bacterial prostatitis presenting with abscess formation
recurrent or refractory chronic bacterial prostatitis
asymptomatic prostatitis with pyuria resistant to common antimicrobials
curiously, chronic inflammatory prostatitis could respond to low-dose suppressive antibiotic
viral load assay
western blot analysis
southern blot analysis
HIV-1/HIV-2 serology assay
ascending UTI causing acute lobar nephronia
acute pyelonephritis in a transplanted kidney
infected renal subcapsular hematoma
perinephric abscess causing septicemia
in catheterized individuals, entry of bacteria into the bladder is facilitated by the bacterial glycocalyx biofilm
infection cannot be reliably distinguished from bacteriuria by lab tests
co-trimoxazole is the preferred antibiotic for empiric therapy
symptomatic UTI may be a diagnosis of exclusion
nucleic acid amplification tests are the preferred to diagnose Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections
shows dark yellow, purulent, thick urethral discharge
the most common site of the infection is the endocervix
the incubation period is 2 3 weeks
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
dirty - infected
contaminated
clean - contaminated
clean
produces yellow whitish, scanty, frothy urethral discharge
shows gram (+), extracellular diplococcic
infection could be contracted from the spouses eyes
responds fairly to azithromycin
the cytological examination of the urine and/or EPS
transrectal ultrasonographic examination
the presence of ≥10 WBCs/HPF in the urine with negative culture in type III-b
the positive urine culture, and negative EPS support type III-a
N. gonorrhea and C. trachomatis
E. coli and Pseudomonas species
Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species
Trichomonas vaginalis and Gardnerella vaginalis
categorizes CP-CPPS, IC, and painful bladder syndrome based on 5 etiological principles
meant to classify CP-CPPS and IC patients into 6 domains
helps establish a reliable diagnosis of CP/CPPS or IC
the diagnostic scores of UPOINT depend on cystoscopy, TRUS, urine analysis and culture of uncommon microbes
an esinophilic immune reaction is generated in response to the eggs
chronic schistosomiasis can eventually result in small bladder and the development of cancers
schistosoma mansoni often causes urinary tract infections
could cause inflammatory polys and recurrent hematuria
Coxsackie B
Epstein-Barr
varicella
all of the above
substitution cystoplasty and continent diversion
fulguration of a Hunner`s ulcer or hydrodistention
intravesical installation of silver nitrate or dimethyl sulfoxide
low dose external beam irradiation
pH of vaginal secretions increases after menopause
estrogen deficiency manifests as trophic urethritis and atrophic vaginitis
topical conjugated estrogen replacement carries a significant risk of breast and endometrial cancers
manifestations might include obstructive symptoms and non-infectious cystitis
cleansing the urethral meatus with aseptic agent
careful aseptic insertion of the catheter
maintenance of a closed drainage system
maintaining a dependant drainage system
mode of administration
level in the serum
level in the urine
dosage
results from ectopic nephrogenic blastema cells in the detrusor muscle
might undergo malignant transformation in 15 40% of the cases
on cystoscopy, it appears as a bladder mucosal irregularity or large intramural mass
the preferred treatment is cystectomy and urinary diversion