should be flushed frequently, but no antibiotic is advised
should be treated if febrile UTI has developed
should be treated only if urine culture is positive
should be treated once the catheter is removed
B. should be treated if febrile UTI has developed
scrotal support and elevation
ice packs
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
urethral catheterization
testicular
renal
penile
all of the above
results from ectopic nephrogenic blastema cells in the detrusor muscle
might undergo malignant transformation in 15 40% of the cases
on cystoscopy, it appears as a bladder mucosal irregularity or large intramural mass
the preferred treatment is cystectomy and urinary diversion
taking urine samples by draining the urine bag
daily cleansing the external meatus
placing the urine bag on the floor
changing the urine bag once it is full
greater than 8 fold
greater than 6 fold
greater than 4 fold
comparable
the onset of symptoms is insidious
the lesion has no proven relation to bladder cancer
if left untreated, the bladder will turn small, contracted, with submucosal calcifications
a single positive urine culture refutes the diagnosis
antibiotic therapy is recommended for affected individuals with documented trichomonal infection and sexual partners even if asymptomatic
empirical treatment for gonococcal urethritis should cover chlamydia trachomatis
consistent and proper usage of condoms is estimated to prevent HIV transmission by approximately 80 to 95%
vaccinations are available for the prevention of human papillomavirus, N. gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis
the average time from the beginning of radiation therapy to initial symptoms could be 2 4 weeks
treatment with stationary radiation, portals carry a higher risk of morbidity than treatment with rotating portals do
it occurs in about 10% of patients treated with definitive irradiation therapy for prostate cancer after 10 years
most cases are mildly affected and require no specific therapy
categorizes CP-CPPS, IC, and painful bladder syndrome based on 5 etiological principles
meant to classify CP-CPPS and IC patients into 6 domains
helps establish a reliable diagnosis of CP/CPPS or IC
the diagnostic scores of UPOINT depend on cystoscopy, TRUS, urine analysis and culture of uncommon microbes
giggle incontinence
estrogen deficiency
cystitis glandularis
cystitis cystica
aminoglycoside
fluoroquinolone
2nd generation cephalosporin
doxycycline
nucleic acid amplification tests are the preferred to diagnose Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections
shows dark yellow, purulent, thick urethral discharge
the most common site of the infection is the endocervix
the incubation period is 2 3 weeks
cleansing the urethral meatus with aseptic agent
careful aseptic insertion of the catheter
maintenance of a closed drainage system
maintaining a dependant drainage system
chronic pyelonephritis and HTN lead to ESRD in 10% of the cases
neonatal symptoms of UTI are vague and non-specific, that delay the diagnosis and end in more scarring
despite adequate treatment, scarring continues after an attack of pyelonephritis as a chronic immune reaction against renal tubules
neonates have low intrarenal pelvic pressure, that predisposes to ascending infections
intra-prostatic ductal reflux
paraphimosis
specific blood groups
unprotected anal intercourse
in the elderly
in long-term catheterized patient
in pregnancy
none of the above
advanced age
anatomical anomalies
poor drug compliance
smoking
1 2.7%
5 9%
10 27%
30 47%
elevated body temperature
dropped blood pressure
elevated heart rate
reduced urine output
necrosis of the superficial and deep fascial planes
fibrinoid thrombosis of the nutrient arterioles
polymorphonuclear cell infiltration
all of the above
PCNL after treating the infection
cystoscopy and placing a retrograde ureteral stent followed by ESWL
perc. nephrostomy and placing antegrade ureteral stent
nephrectomy
indwelling catheter insertion must be under sterile condition
systemic antibiotics help best in preventing bacteriuria
greater than 90% of nosocomial UTIs are related to urethral catheters
Intermittent catheterization carries the incidence of 1-3% of developing bacteriuria per insertion
drug resistance
non-compliance
the presence of persistent pathology
all of the above
aminopenicillins
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
perivesical abscess with fistula to bladder
acute tubular necrosis
renal papillary necrosis
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
beaded vas deferens
testicular micrilithiasis
testicular atrophy
epididymal granuloma
uncontrolled DM
sexual activity with multiple partners
high vaginal receptivity to bacterial adherence
all of the above
is always asymptomatic
it shows a serological immune antibody response
is a common cause of sterile pyuria
typically, at this stage, the body demonstrates bacteriuria
30
40
50
60
beading of the lower ureteral segment
ureteral fibrosis and calcifications of the distal ureter
stricture at the uretero-vesical junction
all of the above