What is the most appropriate antibiotic class for prophylaxis before urologic surgery?
aminoglycosides
macrolides
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
Correct Answer :
C. cephalosporins
Cephalosporins because the most common secondarily infecting organism is S. epidermidis
Related Questions
What is (are) true concerning ESWL?
a stone is fragmented when the force of the shockwaves overcomes the tensile strength of the stone
fragmentation occurs as a result of compressive and tensile forces, erosion, shearing, spalling, and cavitation
the generation of compressive and tensile forces and cavitation are thought to be the most important
all of the above
What is false concerning recurrent stone formation?
best treated by total parathyroidectomy
first-time stone formers are at a 50% risk for recurrence
males have higher recurrence rate than females
stone formers produce stones of the same type every time
For how long a completely obstructed ureter could be respited with no expected permanent damage to renal functions?
2 days
2 weeks
2 months
4 6 hrs.
What congenital anomaly is unlikely to result in stone formation?
left ureterocele
bifid right renal pelvis
neurogenic bladder
bilateral UPJ stenosis
What is the least likely condition to form bladder stones?
spinal cord injury
senile enlargement of prostate
augmented bladder
neurogenic hyper-reflexive bladder
What statement is false concerning the use of desmopressin (DDAVP) in renal colic patients?
it causes reduction in the mean intra-ureteral pressure
it reduces the pain of acute renal colic
it has a direct relaxing effect on the renal pelvis and ureteral musculature
it is indicated when stones are ≤ 4 mm in diameter
What is false concerning primary bladder stones?
commoner in females than in males
in pediatrics, are of calcium oxalate and/or ammonium urate composition
caused by bladder outlet obstruction
might result in bladder cancer
What is the composition of brushite stones?
calcium phosphate
calcium oxalate monohydrate
sodium urate
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
What is true concerning primary hyperparathyroidism and stone formation?
orthophosphates may have a role in the treatment
hyperparathyroidectomy and levothyroxine replacement is the optimum treatment
management includes Calcium chelating agent and repeat 24hr urine collection in 3 months
surgical excision of the adenoma(s) is the treatment of choice
How can the effectiveness of ESWL treatment session be enhanced?
by ensuring optimal coupling of the patient to the lithotripter
by running the treatment at a slower rate (60 shocks/min)
by running the treatment with general anesthesia
by all of the above
What is the favorable stone characteristic for ESWL treatment?
1000 - 1300 HU density
5 - 10 mm diameter
lower calyx location
mid ureteral location
What bowel surgery could result in enteric hyperoxaluria?
right hemicolectomy
small bowel resection
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
b & c
What does NOT appear as a filling defect in the renal pelvis on IVU?
fungal ball
radiolucent stone
urothelial growth
upper end of DJ ureteral stent
What is true regarding prostatic stones?
they are multiple and small in size
usually, they are voided spontaneously
they, rarely, form large stones within the peripheral zone
contrast CT is the conventional method for diagnosis
What condition might NOT cause uric acid stones?
Tumor lysis syndrome
hypoparathyroidism
myeloproliferative disorder
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
What is the most common composition of ureteral stones?
Ca.phosphate
Ca.oxalate
Na.urate
struvite
What situation carries lower risk for lung injury during supracostal upper pole access for PCNL?
placing the patient in anti-Trendelenburg position
making the puncture under local anesthesia
injection Co2 gas to create a safety space under the diaphragm before puncturing
making the puncture during full expiration
What is false concerning cystine stones?
result from an inherited defect of renal tubular reabsorption of cysteine
characteristically, urate and cysteine stone are radiolucent
cysteine is a dibasic amino acid
on plain X-ray, cysteine stones exhibit ground-glass appearance
What is (are) the indication(s) of ureteral stenting before ESWL?
stones in a solitary kidney
ureteral stones causing bilateral obstructions
a kidney stone of ≥ 2.5 cm in size
all of the above
What type of stones is soft, resilient, composed of mucoproteins of urine and serum?
matrix
indinavir
brushite
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
What is the proper sequence of the following stones when ordered from most radiopaque to most radiolucent as they appear on plain Xray film?
Ca.oxalate, Ca.phosphate, Na.urate, cystine
Ca.phosphate, Ca.oxalate, cystine, Na.urate
Ca.oxalate, Ca.phosphate, cystine, Na.urate
Ca.phosphate, Ca.oxalate, Na.urate, cystine
What is the fatality risk if a triple-phosphate staghorn stone left untreated?
0 10%
10 20%
20 30%
30 40%
What does nephrocalcin do?
dissolves cystine stones
enhances nephrocalcinosis process over old scared areas
inhibits Ca.oxalate aggregation and crystallization
plays a secondary role in metastatic calcification process
What is the first-line treatment of kidney stones of a burden greater than 2 cm?
ESWL
URS
PCNL
none of the above
What medication could help in managing carbonate apatite stones?
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
acetohydroxamic acid
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
xanthine oxidase inhibitors
What is the most important parameter that determines the treatment modality of a kidney stone?
stone chemical composition
stone burden
first stone vs. recurrent
stone density
What parameter is NOT considered in the stone burden concept?
the surface area of the stones
the volume of the stones
the density of the stones
the number of the stones
What is the treatment of choice for a 15 mm stone in the lower calyx with a narrow infundibulum?
ESWL
PCNL
radial nephrolithotomy
pyelolithotomy with ureteral stenting
Patients having what kind of stones should refrain from eating purines?
cysteine
urate
calcium
none of the above
Worldwide, the commonest type of urinary stones is:
calcium monohydrate
calcium oxalate
ammonium urate
none of the above