Tin, lead and small percentage of antimony
Tin and lead
Tin, lead and silver
Tin and copper
A. Tin, lead and small percentage of antimony
There is no change in grain size
The average grain size is a minimum
The grain size increases very rapidly
The grain size first increases and then decreases very rapidly
Relieve stresses
Harden steel slightly
Improve machining characteristic
Soften material
50 : 50
40 : 60
60 : 40
10 : 90
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought iron
Steel
Malleable iron
Nodular iron
Spheroidal iron
Grey iron
Ferrite
Pearlite
Austenite
Ferrite and cementite
Strength
Stiffness
Brittleness
Toughness
Zinc
Lead
Silver
Glass
Mild steel
Copper
Nickel
Aluminium
Mild steel
Cast iron
HSS
High carbon
Percentage of carbon
Percentage of alloying elements
Heat treatment employed
Shape of carbides and their distribution in iron
600°C
700°C
723°C
913°C
770°C
910°C
1050°C
Below recrystallisation temperature
3.5 to 4.5% copper, 0.4 to 0.7% magnesium, 0.4 to 0.7% manganese and rest aluminium
3.5 to 4.5% copper, 1.2 to 1.7% manganese, 1.8 to 2.3% nickel, 0.6% each of silicon, magnesium and iron, and rest aluminium
4 to 4.5% magnesium, 3 to 4% copper and rest aluminium
5 to 6% tin, 2 to 3% copper and rest aluminium
Tensile strength
Hardness
Ductility
Fluidity
400° to 700°C
800°C to 1000°C
1200°C to 1300°C
1500°C to 1700°C
Ability to undergo large permanent deformations in compression
Ability to recover its original form
Ability to undergo large permanent deformations in tension
All of the above
13% carbon and 87% ferrite
13% cementite and 87% ferrite
13% ferrite and 87% cementite
6.67% carbon and 93.33% iron
Lead base alloy
Copper base alloy
Tin base alloy
Cadmium base alloy
Vanadium, chromium, tungsten
Tungsten, titanium, vanadium
Chromium, titanium, vanadium
Tungsten, chromium, titanium
Decrease
Increase
Remain constant
First increase and then decrease
Silicon
Manganese
Carbon
Chromium
Cast iron
Vitrified clay
Asbestos cement
Concrete
The points where no further change occurs
Constant for all metals
The points where there is no further flow of metal
The points of discontinuity
Acidic
Basic
Neutral
Brittle
Brass
Cast iron
Aluminium
Steel
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. I is soft, tough and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions o magnesium (or cerium) in the ladle Graphite is in nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
Austenite
Martensite
Pearlite
Cementite
Copper, zinc and iron
Iron, nickel and copper
Iron, lead and tin
Iron, aluminium and magnesium
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties