The points where no further change occurs
Constant for all metals
The points where there is no further flow of metal
The points of discontinuity
D. The points of discontinuity
There is no change in grain size
The average grain size is a minimum
The grain size increases very rapidly
The grain size first increases and then decreases very rapidly
Wholly pearlite
Wholly austenite
Pearlite and ferrite
Pearlite and cementite
Core defects
Surface defects
Superficial defects
Temporary defects
Soft and gives a coarse grained crystalline structure
Soft and gives a fine grained crystalline structure
Hard and gives a coarse grained crystalline structure
Hard and gives a fine grained crystalline structure
Weldability
Formability
Machinability
Hardenability
Aluminium in steel results in excessive grain growth
Manganese in steel induces hardness
Nickel and chromium in steel helps in raising the elastic limit and improve the resilience and ductility
Tungsten in steels improves magnetic properties and hardenability
Ferrite and cementite
Cementite and gamma iron
Ferrite and austenite
Ferrite and iron graphite
Equal to
Less than
More than
None of these
770°C
910°C
1050°C
Below recrystallisation temperature
Six
Twelve
Eighteen
Twenty
Steels are heated to 500 to 700°C
Cooling is done slowly and steadily
Internal stresses are relieved
All of these
Chromium
Nickel
Vanadium
Manganese
Cast iron
Mild steel
Nonferrous materials
Stainless steel
Cast iron
Mild steel
Stainless steel
Carbonchrome steel
Increase
Decrease
Remain same
First increase and then decrease
Copper, zinc and iron
Iron, nickel and copper
Iron, lead and tin
Iron, aluminium and magnesium
Carburising process
Surface hardening process
Core hardening process
None of these
Low carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
High carbon steel
Alloy steel
Below 10°K
Above 100°K
Around 0°C
Around 100°C
400°C to 600°C
600°C to 900°C
900°C to 1400°C
1400°C to 1530°C
There is no change in grain size
The average grain size is a minimum
The grain size increases very rapidly
The grain size first increases and then decreases very rapidly
Body centered cubic
Face centered cubic
Hexagonal close packed
Cubic structure
In which atoms align themselves in a geometric pattern upon solidification
In which there is no definite atomic structure and atoms exist in a random pattern just as in a liquid
Which is not attacked by phosphorous
Which emits fumes on melting
Modulus of elasticity is fairly low
Wear resistance is very good
Fatigue strength is not high
Creep strength limits its use to fairly low temperatures
50 : 50
30 : 70
70 : 30
40 : 60
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron and is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. It is soft, tough and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions of magnesium (or creium) in the ladle. Graphite is in nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
By forming a bulge
By shearing along oblique plane
In direction perpendicular to application of load
By crushing into thousands of pieces
Grey cast iron, low carbon steel, wrought iron
Low carbon steel, grey cast iron, wrought iron
Wrought iron, low carbon steel, grey cast iron
Wrought iron, grey cast iron, low carbon steel
Cold rolled into sheets
Drawn into wires
Formed into tube
Any one of these
Chromium and nickel
Nickel and molybdenum
Aluminium and zinc
Tungsten and sulphur