Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
B. Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
B.C.C. crystalline structure
F.C.C. crystal structure
H.C.P. structure
A complex cubic structure
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
Wholly pearlite
Wholly austenite
Pearlite and ferrite
Pearlite and cementite
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improve corrosion and heat resistant proper ties
Improves cutting ability and reduce hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anti corrosion property
Cobalt
Nickel
Vanadium
Iron
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled in still air
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled suddenly in a suitable cooling medium
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled slowly in the furnace
Heated below or closes to the lower critical temperature and then cooled slowly
Copper, zinc and iron
Iron, nickel and copper
Iron, lead and tin
Iron, aluminium and magnesium
Silicon
Sulphur
Manganese
Phosphorus
Nickel steel
Chrome steel
Nickel-chrome steel
Silicon steel
Flywheel of steam engine
Cast iron pipes
Cycle chains
Gas turbine blades
Soft and gives coarse grained crystalline structure
Soft and gives a fine grained crystalline structure
Hard and gives a coarse grained crystalline structure
Hard and gives a fine grained crystalline structure
It is prone to age hardening
It can be forged
It has good machining properties
It is lighter than pure aluminium
0.5% of phosphorous
1% phosphorous
2.5% phosphorous
None of the above
Soft and gives a coarse grained crystalline structure
Soft and gives a fine grained crystalline structure
Hard and gives a coarse grained crystalline structure
Hard and gives a fine grained crystalline structure
RC 65
RC 48
RC 57
RC 80
High resistance to rusting and corrosion
High ductility
Ability of hold protective coating
Uniform strength in all directions
α-iron
β-iron
γ-iron
δ-iron
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Metallic bond
None of these
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
0.025 %
0.26 %
0.8 %
1.7 %
0.8 %
Below 0.8 %
Above 0.8 %
None of these
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
Ductile
Malleable
Homogeneous
Anisotropic
Oxides
Carbonates
Sulphides
All of these
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Ferroelectric
Dielectric
Amorphous material
Mesomorphous material
Crystalline material
None of these
Malleable iron
Nodular iron
Spheroidal iron
Grey iron
Face centered cubic space lattice
Body centered cubic space lattice
Close packed hexagonal space lattice
None of these
Gamma iron (910° to 1400°C), Cu, Ag, Au, Al, Ni, Pb, Pt
Mg, Zn, Ti, Zr, Br, Cd
A iron (below 910°C and between 1400 to 1539°C), W
All of the above
Refine grain structure
Reduce segregation in casting
Improve mechanical properties
Induce stresses