Cast iron
Vitrified clay
Asbestos cement
Concrete
A. Cast iron
Hot hardness
Toughness
Wear resistance
Sharp cutting edge
Same
Less
More
None of these
Are formed into shape under heat and pressure and results in a permanently hard product
Do not become hard with the application of heat and pressure and no chemical change occurs
Are flexible and can withstand considerable wear under suitable conditions
Are used as a friction lining for clutches and brakes
Copper
Brass
Lead
Silver
Providing corrosion resistance
Improving machining properties
Providing high strength at elevated temperatures
Raising the elastic limit
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron and is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. It is soft, tough and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions of magnesium (or creium) in the ladle. Graphite is in nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
Sulphur, lead, phosphorous
Silicon, aluminium, titanium
Vanadium, aluminium
Chromium, nickel
Below 723°C
770 to 910°C
910 to 1440°C
1400 to 1539°C
Formation of bainite structure
Carburised structure
Martenistic structure
Lamellar layers of carbide distributed throughout the structure
Linear
Nonlinear
Plastic
No fixed relationship
13% carbon and 87% ferrite
13% cementite and 87% ferrite
13% ferrite and 87% cementite
6.67% carbon and 93.33% iron
Calcined ore (8 parts), coke (4 parts) and limestone (1 part)
Calcined ore (4 parts), coke (1 part) and limestone (8 parts)
Calcined ore (1 part), coke (8 parts) and limestone (4 parts)
Calcined ore, coke and limestone all in equal parts
Ability to undergo large permanent deformations in compression
Ability to recover its original form
Ability to undergo large permanent deformations in tension
All of the above
Cold rolled steel
Hot rolled steel
Forged steel
Cast steel
Coordination number
Atomic packing factor
Space lattice
None of these
Low carbon steel
High carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
High speed steel
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Manganese
Silicon
Lead base alloy
Tin base alloy
Copper base alloy
Both (A) and (C) above
Body centered cubic
Face centred cubic
Hexagonal close packed
Cubic structure
0.5 to 1 %
1.2 %
2.5 to 4.5 %
5 to 7 %
Mica
Silver
Lead
Glass
63 to 67% nickel and 30% copper
88% copper and 10% tin and rest zinc
Alloy of tin, lead and cadmium
Malleable iron and zinc
Molecular change
Physical change
Allotropic change
Solidus change
Core defects
Surface defects
Superficial defects
Temporary defects
Low carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
High carbon steel
Alloy steel
In still air
Slowly in the furnace
Suddenly in a suitable cooling medium
Any one of these
600°C
723°C
1147°C
1493°C
There is no change in grain size
The average grain size is a minimum
The grain size increases very rapidly
The grain size first increases and then decreases very rapidly
Cast iron
Mild steel
Nonferrous materials
Stainless steel
Amount of carbon it contains
The shape and distribution of the carbides in iron
Method of fabrication
Contents of alloying elements