RB
cyclin A
HRAS
CD-44
A. RB
en bloc resection involving total penectomy, cystoprostatectomy, resection of the pubic rami and urogenital diaphragm, with pelvic lymphadenectomy. In addition, creating a urinary diversion.
total penectomy involving removal of the penis, urethra, and penile root
partial penectomy involving excision of the malignant lesion with 2-cm margins
transurethral resection or fulguration
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
comparable
nodular or sessile lesions usually invade muscle
papillary bladder tumors are typical of low stage and grade
carcinoma in situ appears as a flat, velvety patch
sarcomas commonly invade bladder base and ureteral orifices causing obstructions
ascending urethrography
voiding cystourethrography
MRI
IVU
patients with carcinoma in situ
patients with completely resected solitary tumor
patients with preserved kidney and liver functions after 2 courses of BCG
patients with leiomyosarcoma
irritative bladder symptoms
obstructive bladder symptoms
palpable suprapubic mass on physical examination
painless profuse hematuria
often of high-grade sarcomas
often associated with muscularis propria invasion
due to vesical polyps occluding ureteric orifices
should be resected but not diathermized
increase the irrigation fluid and pursue the procedure
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
perform cystogram and manage accordingly
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
the standard treatment is transurethral resection
the prognosis for inverted papilloma is pathetic, with a recurrence rate of approximately 65%
the likelihood of synchronous urothelial carcinoma is 26%
has been shown to harbor p53 gene mutations
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma
RB
cyclin A
HRAS
CD-44
bladder perforation
obturator nerve reflex
vesico-ureteral reflux
terrible bleeding
infiltrative proximal penile urethral carcinomas
infiltrative distal penile urethral carcinomas
recurrent proximal penile urethral carcinoma after laser resection
T3/N2/M0 at bulbar urethra
obstructive LUTS are common presentations and occur in association with carcinoma in situ
might present as perineal abscesses and fistulae
could be asymptomatic
venereal diseases increase the risk of urethral cancers
high specificity
high sensitivity
high reliability
strong validity
history of pulmonary TB
total incontinence
immunosuppression
impaired renal function
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
continue the procedure as perforations at this site do no harm
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
convert tumor removal to open method and repair the defect
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
2%
5%
70%
90%
40 - 55%
55 - 70%
70 - 85%
85 - 100%
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
radical cysto-prostatectomy
anterior pelvic exenteration
bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy
creation of a urinary diversion
undergo cystectomy
try mitomycin c
take a second course of BCG
take a second course of BCG + quinolones
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
leiomyosarcoma
rhabdosarcoma
carcinosarcoma
neurosarcoma
0.6 - 2%
2 - 6%
6 - 10%
12 - 16%
2 - 4%
4 - 6%
6 - 8%
8 - 10%
rarely diagnosed at autopsy
the peak incidence occurs between ages 70 and 80
they occur twice as frequently in men as in women
none of the above
tumor stage
tumor grade
lymphovascular invasion
lymph node spread
the anterior urethra drains into the inguinal and pelvic nodes
the posterior urethra drains into the pelvic nodes
the proximal two-thirds drain into the external and internal iliac nodes
the distal one-third drains into the obturator nodes