hematuria
recurrent urinary tract infection
renal insufficiency
all of the above
D. all of the above
it helps predict the response to 5α-reductase inhibitors
it monitors LUTS/BPH progression
BPH patients are at higher risk of developing prostate cancer
a & b
as a man ages, the responsiveness of prostate cells to androgenic stimuli decreases
adrenal androgens have no role in BPH development
type-1 steroid 5 α-reductase is functionally active in the hair follicle
all of the above
the size of the prostate correlates well to the degree of obstruction
a decrease of 3 points in IPSS is associated with a subjective perception of improvement
median lobe enlargement gives rise to serious obstructive symptoms
bladder trabeculation is not specific for an obstructing prostate
BPH is an inheritable and progressive disease
familial BPH presents at an older age when compared to sporadic cases
approximately 90% of men in their 80s have histologic evidence of BPH
BPH tends to be more severe and progressive in black men when compared to whites
symptoms begin with a serum sodium of less than 120 mEq/L
the mortality is 2.7-5.8 %
manifestations rely on acute changes in the intravascular volume and plasma solute concentrations
the preferred height of irrigating fluid is 60 cm above the patient
men with storage symptoms
men with ED
failed combination of α-adrenergic blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor
a & b
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
prostate volume > 40 ml
IPSS > 19
a & b
the glandular component of the prostate
the IPSS questionnaire points
the PVR
the transitional zone volume
TURP
TUIP
HoLEP
HoLRP
the presence of prostate cancer
previous prostatectomy
all of the above
. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for prostatic adenoma has the following advantage over TURP:
IPSS
post void residual
prostate volume
Q-max at uroflowmetry
the aim is to occlude the internal iliac vessels
there is a considerable radiation risk during the procedure
bilateral embolization provides better results
eye protection is not required
tamsulosin 0.8 mg
reassurance
repeat total and free PSA
diagnostic cystoscopy
0.2 1%
1.2 2.1%
2.3 3.4%
3.7 5.6%
total and free PSA
renal ultrasonography
creatinine clearance
uroflowmetry
tuberculous prostatitis
prostatic cancer
inspissated prostatic abscess
any of the above
obstruction results in bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy and myofibroblasts deposition
BPH occurs chiefly in the transitional zone and periurethral tissues
BPH microscopical changes begin in early thirties
histologic findings of chronic prostatitis are common in BPH
intra-prostatic levels of estrogen decrease in men with BPH
stimulation of the adrenergic nervous system results in a dynamic increase in prostatic urethral resistance
inflammation may play a role through cytokines to promote cell growth
hyperplasia occurs due to an imbalance between cell death and cell proliferation
peak flow rate of ≤ 12 mL/sec
prostate volume > 40 ml
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
b & c
IPSS cannot be used to establish the diagnosis of BPH/LUTS
prostate biopsy is essential in diagnosing BPH and excluding cancers
PSA and uroflowmetry help diagnose the condition
none of the above
the neurological status of the patient
PVR
severity of obstructive LUTS
all of the above
bladder trabeculation
significant PVR
low peak flow rate
high IPSS
it focuses on last month`s symptoms
scores of moderate symptoms suggest surgical treatment if the patient`s quality of life was poor
it has been validated and translated to many languages
all of the above
removing small bladder stones
better access to prostatic fossa
technically, easier trigonization
. When comparing retropubic to suprapubic prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the former has the advantage of:
anterior
median
left lateral
all of the above
induces nerve degeneration in the prostate and tissue necrosis
frequently results in transient urinary retention
frequently leads to erectile dysfunction
the high-energy platform is superior to the low-energy with regard to clinical efficacy
an additional 15 g in prostate weight
each centimeter over the normal 1.5-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 5 g in prostate weight
. When comparing suprapubic to retropubic prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the former allows:
tamsulosin
alfuzosin
doxazosin
silodosin
62 - 78%
48 - 61%
79 - 93%
34 - 47%
bladder stones
prostate cancer
renal insufficiency
bladder diverticula