IPSS
post void residual
prostate volume
Q-max at uroflowmetry
C. prostate volume
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
prostate volume > 40 ml
IPSS > 19
a & b
tamsulosin 0.8 mg
reassurance
repeat total and free PSA
diagnostic cystoscopy
the size of the prostate correlates well to the degree of obstruction
a decrease of 3 points in IPSS is associated with a subjective perception of improvement
median lobe enlargement gives rise to serious obstructive symptoms
bladder trabeculation is not specific for an obstructing prostate
532 nm
694 nm
755 nm
1064 nm
bladder neck
apex
median lobe
para-collecular
smaller incisions with a shorter hospital stay
lower risk for blood transfusion
none of the above
. What is the first-line management of uncomplicated LUTS due to large prostate?
TURP
TUIP
HoLEP
HoLRP
bladder stones
prostate cancer
renal insufficiency
bladder diverticula
the irrigating fluid is at a pressure exceeding 10 mm Hg
the prostate volume is > 45 cc
the resection time is > 90 minutes
all of the above
worsening of LUTS and BPH over time
patients die of other reasons before serious complications occur
physically, the space of prostatic fossa limits the gland enlargement
ultimately, the gland will degenerate and undergo apoptosis
the neurological status of the patient
PVR
severity of obstructive LUTS
all of the above
calcium channel blockers
antihistamines
antidepressants
cold medications containing pseudoephedrine
induces nerve degeneration in the prostate and tissue necrosis
frequently results in transient urinary retention
frequently leads to erectile dysfunction
the high-energy platform is superior to the low-energy with regard to clinical efficacy
sizable bladder stones
Hutch diverticulum
a suspicion of cancer
a & b
each centimeter over the normal 2-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 12 g in prostate weight
each centimeter over the normal 2.5-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 10 g in prostate weight
α1-a
α1-b
α2-a
α2-b
sacral cord integrity
pelvic hematoma
pelvic floor muscle tenderness
prostatic median lobe hypertrophy
as a man ages, the responsiveness of prostate cells to androgenic stimuli decreases
adrenal androgens have no role in BPH development
type-1 steroid 5 α-reductase is functionally active in the hair follicle
all of the above
there is an increase in the number of epithelial and stromal cells
there is an increase in the size of epithelial and stromal cells
in BPH, epithelial to stromal cells ratio is 1:2
all of the above
corporal aspiration
corpora injection with an α-adrenergic agent
corpora injection with an α-adrenergic blocker
no treatment required
occurs because of absorption of non-sodium-containing irrigating fluid
occurs only on using unipolar TURP
results in brain edema due to dilutional hyponatremia
positioning the patient in anti-Trendelenburg helps prevent the syndrome
BPH is an inheritable and progressive disease
familial BPH presents at an older age when compared to sporadic cases
approximately 90% of men in their 80s have histologic evidence of BPH
BPH tends to be more severe and progressive in black men when compared to whites
complicates approximately 0.7% of cataract surgery cases
manifests as poor preoperative pupil dilation, iris prolapse, and progressive intraoperative miosis
it could persist long after the discontinuation of tamsulosin
intraoperative lidocaine reduces its incidence in patients taking α- adrenergic inhibitors
before catheterization
after catheterization and before TURP
immediately after TURP
2 weeks after TURP
provides tissue preservation for pathological examination
treats any size of prostatic adenoma
follows anatomic planes to remove the prostate in lobes
urinary incontinence is a significant drawback after HoLEP
total and free PSA
renal ultrasonography
creatinine clearance
uroflowmetry
is specific for prostate symptom
is a seven-question, self-administered questionnaire that yields a total score that ranges from 0 to 35
a sum of 20 on IPSS scale is severe
it covers both voiding and storage symptomatology
obstruction results in bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy and myofibroblasts deposition
BPH occurs chiefly in the transitional zone and periurethral tissues
BPH microscopical changes begin in early thirties
histologic findings of chronic prostatitis are common in BPH
it may develop detrusor instability with irritative LUTS
it may develop poor compliance with frequency and urgency symptoms
it may develop poor detrusor contractility with obstructive LUTS
all of the above
IPSS
post void residual
prostate volume
Q-max at uroflowmetry