as a man ages, the responsiveness of prostate cells to androgenic stimuli decreases
adrenal androgens have no role in BPH development
type-1 steroid 5 α-reductase is functionally active in the hair follicle
all of the above
C. type-1 steroid 5 α-reductase is functionally active in the hair follicle
tamsulosin
alfuzosin
doxazosin
silodosin
hematuria
recurrent urinary tract infection
renal insufficiency
all of the above
frequency, over-flow incontinence, straining, retention
straining, frequency, over-flow incontinence, retention
straining, frequency, retention, over-flow incontinence
frequency, straining, retention, over-flow incontinence
the aim is to occlude the internal iliac vessels
there is a considerable radiation risk during the procedure
bilateral embolization provides better results
eye protection is not required
the glandular component of the prostate
the IPSS questionnaire points
the PVR
the transitional zone volume
nearly all men have PVR of less than 12 ml
it predicts the outcome of surgical treatment
it correlates well with BPH/LUTS
it is diagnostic for bladder outlet obstruction
worsening of LUTS and BPH over time
patients die of other reasons before serious complications occur
physically, the space of prostatic fossa limits the gland enlargement
ultimately, the gland will degenerate and undergo apoptosis
calcium channel blockers
antihistamines
antidepressants
cold medications containing pseudoephedrine
combination of α-adrenergic blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor
watchful waiting
TURP
. What is the commonest cause of LUTS in men beyond middle age?
bladder trabeculation
significant PVR
low peak flow rate
high IPSS
bladder stones
BPH
prostatitis syndrome
. What is (are) the indication(s) of antimuscarinic agents and PDEIs
intra-prostatic levels of estrogen decrease in men with BPH
stimulation of the adrenergic nervous system results in a dynamic increase in prostatic urethral resistance
inflammation may play a role through cytokines to promote cell growth
hyperplasia occurs due to an imbalance between cell death and cell proliferation
operation time
duration of in-hospital stay
amount of blood transfused
time to catheter removal
total and free PSA
renal ultrasonography
creatinine clearance
uroflowmetry
2 weeks after performing prostatic urethral lift
6-month treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors
after placing a stent in the prostatic urethra
immediately after removing one-half of the prostate by TURP
smaller incisions with a shorter hospital stay
lower risk for blood transfusion
none of the above
. What is the first-line management of uncomplicated LUTS due to large prostate?
prostate sizes of up to 70 ml can be treated
not recommended in patients with metallic artificial hip
retreatment rates are lower than for TURP
can be performed in an office-based setting
tamsulosin 0.8 mg
reassurance
repeat total and free PSA
diagnostic cystoscopy
is only indicated in small prostates
complications are related to the amount of lost blood and removed chips
is a minimal procedure where no risk of rectal injury or retrograde ejaculation have been reported
it entails making 1 or 2 incisions along all prostate lobes except the apical
before catheterization
after catheterization and before TURP
immediately after TURP
2 weeks after TURP
PSA decreases
the prostate size decreases
the complaints resolve
the Q.O.L improves
hematuria and infections
migration and encrustation of the stent
irritative urinary symptoms and painful ejaculation
all of the above
operating on patients with multiple bladder diverticula
operating on patients who cannot flex their hips and/or knees
unfavorable tissue preservation for pathological examination
. What is (are) the contraindication(s) to open prostatectomy for prostatic adenoma?
anterior
median
left lateral
all of the above
renal insufficiency
urinary retention
dry mouth
painless hematuria
tuberculous prostatitis
prostatic cancer
inspissated prostatic abscess
any of the above
0.2 1%
1.2 2.1%
2.3 3.4%
3.7 5.6%
corporal aspiration
corpora injection with an α-adrenergic agent
corpora injection with an α-adrenergic blocker
no treatment required
532 nm
694 nm
755 nm
1064 nm
each centimeter over the normal 2-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 12 g in prostate weight
each centimeter over the normal 2.5-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 10 g in prostate weight