the presence of prostate cancer
previous prostatectomy
all of the above
. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for prostatic adenoma has the following advantage over TURP:
C. all of the above
intra-prostatic levels of estrogen decrease in men with BPH
stimulation of the adrenergic nervous system results in a dynamic increase in prostatic urethral resistance
inflammation may play a role through cytokines to promote cell growth
hyperplasia occurs due to an imbalance between cell death and cell proliferation
532 nm
694 nm
755 nm
1064 nm
PVP
HoLEP
HoLRP
TUMT
obstruction results in bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy and myofibroblasts deposition
BPH occurs chiefly in the transitional zone and periurethral tissues
BPH microscopical changes begin in early thirties
histologic findings of chronic prostatitis are common in BPH
operation time
duration of in-hospital stay
amount of blood transfused
time to catheter removal
TUIP
TURP
HoLEP
HoLRP
symptoms begin with a serum sodium of less than 120 mEq/L
the mortality is 2.7-5.8 %
manifestations rely on acute changes in the intravascular volume and plasma solute concentrations
the preferred height of irrigating fluid is 60 cm above the patient
the most potent androgenic hormones in BPH development is DHT
type-2 steroid 5 α-reductase, is most commonly found in the prostate
castrated individuals before puberty will not develop BPH
as a man ages, the number of androgen receptors in the prostate decreases
the aim is to occlude the internal iliac vessels
there is a considerable radiation risk during the procedure
bilateral embolization provides better results
eye protection is not required
go for urine cytology testing
go for PSA testing
go for TRUS
use anticholinergic medication
IPSS cannot be used to establish the diagnosis of BPH/LUTS
prostate biopsy is essential in diagnosing BPH and excluding cancers
PSA and uroflowmetry help diagnose the condition
none of the above
is only indicated in small prostates
complications are related to the amount of lost blood and removed chips
is a minimal procedure where no risk of rectal injury or retrograde ejaculation have been reported
it entails making 1 or 2 incisions along all prostate lobes except the apical
it helps predict the response to 5α-reductase inhibitors
it monitors LUTS/BPH progression
BPH patients are at higher risk of developing prostate cancer
a & b
never
unlikely
likely
always
each centimeter over the normal 2-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 12 g in prostate weight
each centimeter over the normal 2.5-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 10 g in prostate weight
the presence of prostate cancer
previous prostatectomy
all of the above
. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for prostatic adenoma has the following advantage over TURP:
LUTS with neurologic disease
LUTS with post-void dribble
LUTS with suspicious DRE
LUTS with hematuria
combination of α-adrenergic blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor
watchful waiting
TURP
. What is the commonest cause of LUTS in men beyond middle age?
prostatic infarction
prostate infection
bladder overdistention
all of the above
tamsulosin 0.8 mg
reassurance
repeat total and free PSA
diagnostic cystoscopy
corporal aspiration
corpora injection with an α-adrenergic agent
corpora injection with an α-adrenergic blocker
no treatment required
men with storage symptoms
men with ED
failed combination of α-adrenergic blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor
a & b
IPSS
post void residual
prostate volume
Q-max at uroflowmetry
milder postoperative hematuria
tension-free bladder closure
extra-peritoneal approach
. When comparing TURP to open prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the latter has the following advantages, EXCEPT:
bladder stones
BPH
prostatitis syndrome
. What is (are) the indication(s) of antimuscarinic agents and PDEIs
bladder trabeculation
significant PVR
low peak flow rate
high IPSS
calcium channel blockers
antihistamines
antidepressants
cold medications containing pseudoephedrine
increased intravesical pressure
increased detrusor pressure
increase collagen deposition in the detrusor
detrusor smooth muscle hypertrophy
62 - 78%
48 - 61%
79 - 93%
34 - 47%
BPH is an inheritable and progressive disease
familial BPH presents at an older age when compared to sporadic cases
approximately 90% of men in their 80s have histologic evidence of BPH
BPH tends to be more severe and progressive in black men when compared to whites