intra-prostatic levels of estrogen decrease in men with BPH
stimulation of the adrenergic nervous system results in a dynamic increase in prostatic urethral resistance
inflammation may play a role through cytokines to promote cell growth
hyperplasia occurs due to an imbalance between cell death and cell proliferation
D. hyperplasia occurs due to an imbalance between cell death and cell proliferation
PVP
HoLEP
HoLRP
TUMT
intra-prostatic levels of estrogen decrease in men with BPH
stimulation of the adrenergic nervous system results in a dynamic increase in prostatic urethral resistance
inflammation may play a role through cytokines to promote cell growth
hyperplasia occurs due to an imbalance between cell death and cell proliferation
IPSS
post void residual
prostate volume
Q-max at uroflowmetry
is only indicated in small prostates
complications are related to the amount of lost blood and removed chips
is a minimal procedure where no risk of rectal injury or retrograde ejaculation have been reported
it entails making 1 or 2 incisions along all prostate lobes except the apical
complicates approximately 0.7% of cataract surgery cases
manifests as poor preoperative pupil dilation, iris prolapse, and progressive intraoperative miosis
it could persist long after the discontinuation of tamsulosin
intraoperative lidocaine reduces its incidence in patients taking α- adrenergic inhibitors
sacral cord integrity
pelvic hematoma
pelvic floor muscle tenderness
prostatic median lobe hypertrophy
worsening of LUTS and BPH over time
patients die of other reasons before serious complications occur
physically, the space of prostatic fossa limits the gland enlargement
ultimately, the gland will degenerate and undergo apoptosis
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
prostate volume > 40 ml
IPSS > 19
a & b
there is an increase in the number of epithelial and stromal cells
there is an increase in the size of epithelial and stromal cells
in BPH, epithelial to stromal cells ratio is 1:2
all of the above
corporal aspiration
corpora injection with an α-adrenergic agent
corpora injection with an α-adrenergic blocker
no treatment required
tuberculous prostatitis
prostatic cancer
inspissated prostatic abscess
any of the above
the neurological status of the patient
PVR
severity of obstructive LUTS
all of the above
0.2 1%
1.2 2.1%
2.3 3.4%
3.7 5.6%
sizable bladder stones
Hutch diverticulum
a suspicion of cancer
a & b
62 - 78%
48 - 61%
79 - 93%
34 - 47%
total and free PSA
renal ultrasonography
creatinine clearance
uroflowmetry
IPSS cannot be used to establish the diagnosis of BPH/LUTS
prostate biopsy is essential in diagnosing BPH and excluding cancers
PSA and uroflowmetry help diagnose the condition
none of the above
anterior
median
left lateral
all of the above
operation time
duration of in-hospital stay
amount of blood transfused
time to catheter removal
small prostate
mainly median lobe hypertrophy
history of urinary retention
mainly irritative symptoms
combination of α-adrenergic blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor
watchful waiting
TURP
. What is the commonest cause of LUTS in men beyond middle age?
obstruction results in bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy and myofibroblasts deposition
BPH occurs chiefly in the transitional zone and periurethral tissues
BPH microscopical changes begin in early thirties
histologic findings of chronic prostatitis are common in BPH
cetrorelix
flutamide
dutasteride
zanoterone
occurs because of absorption of non-sodium-containing irrigating fluid
occurs only on using unipolar TURP
results in brain edema due to dilutional hyponatremia
positioning the patient in anti-Trendelenburg helps prevent the syndrome
it may develop detrusor instability with irritative LUTS
it may develop poor compliance with frequency and urgency symptoms
it may develop poor detrusor contractility with obstructive LUTS
all of the above
tamsulosin 0.8 mg
reassurance
repeat total and free PSA
diagnostic cystoscopy
BPH is an inheritable and progressive disease
familial BPH presents at an older age when compared to sporadic cases
approximately 90% of men in their 80s have histologic evidence of BPH
BPH tends to be more severe and progressive in black men when compared to whites
TUIP
TURP
HoLEP
HoLRP
bladder stones
prostate cancer
renal insufficiency
bladder diverticula
it focuses on last month`s symptoms
scores of moderate symptoms suggest surgical treatment if the patient`s quality of life was poor
it has been validated and translated to many languages
all of the above