is defined as a polymicrobial chronic infection of the perineal, perianal, or genital areas
as the disease progresses, branches from the inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and external pudendal arteries get thrombosed
presents as a dark skinned-scrotum, subcutaneous crepitation, and foul smell
surgical debridement often spares the testes
A. is defined as a polymicrobial chronic infection of the perineal, perianal, or genital areas
trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
because standard laboratory culture specifications might not be favorable for growth of atypical organisms
because UTI could show fewer than 10 white cells/mm3 in urine
because laboratories may not report significant growth of a defined urinary pathogen
all of the above
antibiotic therapy is recommended for affected individuals with documented trichomonal infection and sexual partners even if asymptomatic
empirical treatment for gonococcal urethritis should cover chlamydia trachomatis
consistent and proper usage of condoms is estimated to prevent HIV transmission by approximately 80 to 95%
vaccinations are available for the prevention of human papillomavirus, N. gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis
sterile pyuria on 3 consecutive cultures
the presence of glomerulations and/or Hunner`s ulcer on endoscopy
pain and discomfort related to the bladder
urgency and frequency with no documented infection
P blood group
fimbria
pili
hemolysin
pH of vaginal secretions increases after menopause
estrogen deficiency manifests as trophic urethritis and atrophic vaginitis
topical conjugated estrogen replacement carries a significant risk of breast and endometrial cancers
manifestations might include obstructive symptoms and non-infectious cystitis
most commonly due to indwelling catheters
the areas of inflammation are usually confined to the lateral walls or the dome of the bladder
radiographic changes are nonspecific or present as bullous edema
indwelling catheters are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
an esinophilic immune reaction is generated in response to the eggs
chronic schistosomiasis can eventually result in small bladder and the development of cancers
schistosoma mansoni often causes urinary tract infections
could cause inflammatory polys and recurrent hematuria
sexual activity
the use of spermicide
estrogen depletion
fecal incontinence
improperly drained hair follicle scrotal abscess
syphilitic orchitis
tuberculous epididymitis
all of the above
advanced age
anatomical anomalies
poor drug compliance
smoking
the incidence of scarring following a single episode of febrile UTI is 4.5%
intra-renal reflux is common in convex papillae
scarring and chronic pyelonephritis lead to hypertension in 10-20%
scarring is best detected and followed up by DMSA
It is an endophytic tumor of the transitional urothelium
harbors p53 gene mutations
presents with hematuria, dysuria, and irritative voiding
the lesion requires transurethral resection
vesicoureteral reflux
stenosis of the lower ureter
edematous ureteral wall causing deficient peristalsis
any of the above
is best diagnosed by ascending urethrography
occurs mostly in diabetic and immunosuppressed patients
could be due to maceration injury, irritant dermatitis, or Candida
commonly presents with deep inguinal lymphadenopathy
beading of the lower ureteral segment
ureteral fibrosis and calcifications of the distal ureter
stricture at the uretero-vesical junction
all of the above
PCNL after treating the infection
cystoscopy and placing a retrograde ureteral stent followed by ESWL
perc. nephrostomy and placing antegrade ureteral stent
nephrectomy
rifampicin
doxycycline
azithromycin
none of the above
produces yellow whitish, scanty, frothy urethral discharge
shows gram (+), extracellular diplococcic
infection could be contracted from the spouses eyes
responds fairly to azithromycin
nucleic acid amplification tests are the preferred to diagnose Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections
shows dark yellow, purulent, thick urethral discharge
the most common site of the infection is the endocervix
the incubation period is 2 3 weeks
43%
53%
63%
73%
infertility
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
non seminomatous germ cell tumor
chronic orchalgia
drug resistance
non-compliance
the presence of persistent pathology
all of the above
the average time from the beginning of radiation therapy to initial symptoms could be 2 4 weeks
treatment with stationary radiation, portals carry a higher risk of morbidity than treatment with rotating portals do
it occurs in about 10% of patients treated with definitive irradiation therapy for prostate cancer after 10 years
most cases are mildly affected and require no specific therapy
in pediatrics, adenovirus types 11 and 21 could result in hemorrhagic cystitis
immunosuppressed children are especially susceptible to Cytomegalovirus and Adenoviruses 7, 21, and 35
in pediatrics, acute viral cystitis might present as acute retention of urine
classically, treatment should be culture-specific
P blood-group antigen
P fimbriae in descending infections
emolysins
Dr family of adhesins in ascending infections
carry on the full antibiotic course, and then repeat CT
incision and drainage of the renal abscess with/without nephrectomy
the abscess size dictates management
perc. drainage of the renal abscess
acute epididymitis
indwelling urethral catheters
transurethral surgery
all of the above
type II
type III-a
type III-b
type IV
CT shows the characteristic bear paw sign
it is an infected, obstructed, poorly functioning kidney containing stones
nephrectomy is the treatment
all of the above