vesicoureteral reflux
stenosis of the lower ureter
edematous ureteral wall causing deficient peristalsis
any of the above
D. any of the above
pelvic inflammatory disease
lymphogranuloma venereum
infertility
all of the above
the cytological examination of the urine and/or EPS
transrectal ultrasonographic examination
the presence of ≥10 WBCs/HPF in the urine with negative culture in type III-b
the positive urine culture, and negative EPS support type III-a
1.7%
7%
17%
71%
nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
ampicillin
fosfomycin
selective nerve block
balloon dilation
botulinum A toxin injection
ESWL
greater than 8 fold
greater than 6 fold
greater than 4 fold
comparable
kidneys, prostate and epididymi
bladder, ureters and renal pelvis
vasa, scrotum and adrenals
testes, bladder neck and seminal vesicles
is a self-limiting infection where antibiotics are not required
is exclusively for UTI experienced by a girl after sexual intercourse on her wedding night
post-coital voiding has no value in the occurrence of the infection
self-initiated medication helps control the infection
45% are caused by E. coli
related to an indwelling urinary catheter in approximately 40% of cases
responds fairly to oral antibiotics
tends to report higher antibiotic resistance
intra-prostatic ductal reflux
paraphimosis
specific blood groups
unprotected anal intercourse
most cysts appear as filling defects on cystography
most often found in the trigone area
the cyst lumens contain esinophilic secretions that may have a few inflammatory cells
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis are reactive urothelial changes
in the elderly
in long-term catheterized patient
in pregnancy
none of the above
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
could result from intra-renal abscess of ascending infection
urine culture might be negative
plain KUB X-ray has no value in the diagnosis
surgical drainage is the proper treatment
poor tissue perfusion manifests as hyperlactemia and decreased capillary refill
acute oliguria indicates an organ dysfunction and circulatory collapse
septic shock is an extreme form of sepsis when hypotension persists despite adequate fluid resuscitation
hypotension is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation at an early septic shock
clinically, cannot be differentiated from acute bacterial prostatitis
medical management is often unsuccessful
it harbors prostate cancer in approximately 4.3% of cases
management include suprapubic urinary diversion
VB1 and VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB2
prostatic secretions and the VB1
probably due to antibody/antigen reaction
has no diagnostic findings on cystoscopy
has no specific medical therapy
on histology, Von Brunn`s nests appear invaginating the urothelium into the lamina propria
the incidence of scarring following a single episode of febrile UTI is 4.5%
intra-renal reflux is common in convex papillae
scarring and chronic pyelonephritis lead to hypertension in 10-20%
scarring is best detected and followed up by DMSA
viral load assay
western blot analysis
southern blot analysis
HIV-1/HIV-2 serology assay
N. gonorrhea and C. trachomatis
E. coli and Pseudomonas species
Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species
Trichomonas vaginalis and Gardnerella vaginalis
giggle incontinence
estrogen deficiency
cystitis glandularis
cystitis cystica
in catheterized individuals, entry of bacteria into the bladder is facilitated by the bacterial glycocalyx biofilm
infection cannot be reliably distinguished from bacteriuria by lab tests
co-trimoxazole is the preferred antibiotic for empiric therapy
symptomatic UTI may be a diagnosis of exclusion
minimal
chronic persistent infections
chronic relapsing infections
bouts of chronic pyelonephritis
It is an endophytic tumor of the transitional urothelium
harbors p53 gene mutations
presents with hematuria, dysuria, and irritative voiding
the lesion requires transurethral resection
chronic epididymitis
epididymo-orchitis
chronic bacterial prostatitis
venereal cysto-urethritis
trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
rifampicin
doxycycline
azithromycin
none of the above
because standard laboratory culture specifications might not be favorable for growth of atypical organisms
because UTI could show fewer than 10 white cells/mm3 in urine
because laboratories may not report significant growth of a defined urinary pathogen
all of the above
sulfonamide for several months
TUR of the bladder lesion followed by proper staging
radical cystectomy and urinary diversion
intravesical installation of mitomycin without irradiation