is best diagnosed by ascending urethrography
occurs mostly in diabetic and immunosuppressed patients
could be due to maceration injury, irritant dermatitis, or Candida
commonly presents with deep inguinal lymphadenopathy
C. could be due to maceration injury, irritant dermatitis, or Candida
giant staghorn stone
perivesical abscess with fistula to the bladder
bacterial resistance
self-inflicted infection
pain is dull aching in the scrotum, perineum, inner thighs, and lower abdomen
dysuria, frequency, and/or urgency
long-standing (> 6 weeks) history of scrotal pain, and tenderness
low grade fever, malaise, and urethral discharge
fever and chills
suprapubic pain and pyuria
flank pain and tenderness
none of the above
rarely, the urothelial cell nests show a central lumen lined by glandular epithelium
In some cases, it may form polypoid masses that mimic urothelial neoplasms
It might appear as multinodular exophytic mass seen on cystoscopy
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis frequently coexist in the same specimen
aminoglycoside
fluoroquinolone
2nd generation cephalosporin
doxycycline
sulfonamide for several months
TUR of the bladder lesion followed by proper staging
radical cystectomy and urinary diversion
intravesical installation of mitomycin without irradiation
trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
greater than 8 fold
greater than 6 fold
greater than 4 fold
comparable
is the commonest extra-pulmonary site of infection
bladder TB is secondary to renal TB, and usually begins at the ureteral orifices
in the kidneys, TB is typically bilateral, cortical, and adjacent to the glomeruli; they may remain dormant for ages
epididymal TB might occur by hematogenous or direct spread from the urinary tract
commonly, TB enters the urinary tract via intravesical instillation of attenuated live BCG to treat bladder cancer
CT urography may show infundibular stricture with or without hydrocalicosis
renal ultrasonography reveals calyceal erosions moth-eaten calyx
TB of the vas appears, clinically, as a thin hard strictured tube
any amount of uropathogen grown in culture indicates UTI
for cystitis, more than 1000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
for pyelonephritis, more than 10,000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
for asymptomatic bacteriuria, more than 100,000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
allergic, type I hypersensitivity response
pelvic floor dysfunction
up-regulation of histaminergic and muscarinic neuro-receptors
neural hypersensitivity
neurogenic bladder
the use of spermicide
urinary catheterization
fecal incontinence
type I
type II
type III
type IV
it is a constant or intermittent pain of testes for more than 3 months
could be due to appendix testis torsion-detorsion
could be due to radiculitis resulting from a degenerative lesion in the thoraco-lumber vertebrae
could be a result of entrapment neuropathy of ilioinguinal or genitofemoral nerve
the hallmark in the diagnosis is the cystoscopic findings
risk factors include transplant recipients
CT shows intramural and/or intraluminal gas in the bladder
requires surgical debridement and probably cystectomy
perivesical abscess with fistula to bladder
acute tubular necrosis
renal papillary necrosis
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
HIV is a retrovirus that infects B-cells and dendritic cells
circumcised men are at lower risk for HIV infection
HPV infection increases the risk for cancers in HIV patients by 6.3 times
plasma HIV RNA load is a predictor of disease remission
antibiotic therapy is recommended for affected individuals with documented trichomonal infection and sexual partners even if asymptomatic
empirical treatment for gonococcal urethritis should cover chlamydia trachomatis
consistent and proper usage of condoms is estimated to prevent HIV transmission by approximately 80 to 95%
vaccinations are available for the prevention of human papillomavirus, N. gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis
pelvic inflammatory disease
lymphogranuloma venereum
infertility
all of the above
could be a complication of chronic epididymitis and orchalgia
testicular torsion must be excluded
infected hair follicles and scrotal lacerations are predisposing factors
urethral discharge is not uncommon presentation
intra-prostatic ductal reflux
paraphimosis
specific blood groups
unprotected anal intercourse
condom catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to urethral
suprapubic catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to urethral
latex catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to silicon
intermittent catheterization carry less risk of UTI if compared to indwelling catheters
pH of vaginal secretions increases after menopause
estrogen deficiency manifests as trophic urethritis and atrophic vaginitis
topical conjugated estrogen replacement carries a significant risk of breast and endometrial cancers
manifestations might include obstructive symptoms and non-infectious cystitis
early morning sample, after cleansing the perineum and meatus
by urethral catheterization under strict aseptic technique
a clean catch of midstream voided urine
by suprapubic aspiration, as urine is sterile
inflammatory bowel disease
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosus
fibromyalgia
Hunner`s ulcers are multiple ulcerative patches surrounded by mucosal congestion on the dome or lateral walls
ulcers might get distorted after overdistention, because discrete areas of mucosal scarring rupture during the procedure
in non-ulcerative type, overdistention demonstrates glomerulations on the dome and lateral walls
overdistention results in mucosal tears and submucosal hemorrhage
Coxsackie B
Epstein-Barr
varicella
all of the above
elevated body temperature
dropped blood pressure
elevated heart rate
reduced urine output
bladder epithelial cells
type C nerve endings in the bladder
type A delta nerve endings in the bladder
the innermost longitudinal fibres of detrusor muscle