rifampicin
doxycycline
azithromycin
none of the above
D. none of the above
type I
type II
type III
type IV
trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
commonly presents with scrotal pain, swelling, fever, and leucocytosis
epididymo-orchitis is the most frequent genitourinary complication of brucellosis
epididymo-orchitis occurs in 10-15% of male patients with brucellosis
treatment includes doxycycline and rifampicin for 6-8 weeks
should be flushed frequently, but no antibiotic is advised
should be treated if febrile UTI has developed
should be treated only if urine culture is positive
should be treated once the catheter is removed
taking urine samples by draining the urine bag
daily cleansing the external meatus
placing the urine bag on the floor
changing the urine bag once it is full
is most commonly associated with Proteus or E. coli infection
is characterized by lipid-laden foamy macrophages
the overall prognosis is poor
it might involve adjacent structures or organs
P blood-group antigen
P fimbriae in descending infections
emolysins
Dr family of adhesins in ascending infections
inflammatory bowel disease
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosus
fibromyalgia
type I could harbor prostate abscess
type II presents as intermittent urinary tract infections
type III-a presentation might include psychological complaints
between 10-15% of men with type IV, have pus cells in their semen but no symptoms
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
condom catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to urethral
suprapubic catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to urethral
latex catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to silicon
intermittent catheterization carry less risk of UTI if compared to indwelling catheters
mode of administration
level in the serum
level in the urine
dosage
categorizes CP-CPPS, IC, and painful bladder syndrome based on 5 etiological principles
meant to classify CP-CPPS and IC patients into 6 domains
helps establish a reliable diagnosis of CP/CPPS or IC
the diagnostic scores of UPOINT depend on cystoscopy, TRUS, urine analysis and culture of uncommon microbes
advanced age
anatomical anomalies
poor drug compliance
smoking
natural sloughing of bladder mucosa
voiding
urine osmolarity
urine pH
once a catheter is placed, the daily incidence of bacteriuria is 3-10%
on long-term catheterization, over 90% of patients develop bacteriuria
the practice of using urinary catheters to control incontinence in bedridden patients should be discouraged
urine bags should be placed on the floor to enhance gravity drainage
bladder epithelial cells
type C nerve endings in the bladder
type A delta nerve endings in the bladder
the innermost longitudinal fibres of detrusor muscle
nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
ampicillin
fosfomycin
kidneys and adrenals
bladder and ureters
prostate and vasa
testes and epididymi
Kaposi sarcoma,
Hodgkin lymphoma
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
cervical cancer
45% are caused by E. coli
related to an indwelling urinary catheter in approximately 40% of cases
responds fairly to oral antibiotics
tends to report higher antibiotic resistance
phagocytes
CD4 T cells
B lymphocytes
natural killer cells
because standard laboratory culture specifications might not be favorable for growth of atypical organisms
because UTI could show fewer than 10 white cells/mm3 in urine
because laboratories may not report significant growth of a defined urinary pathogen
all of the above
results from ectopic nephrogenic blastema cells in the detrusor muscle
might undergo malignant transformation in 15 40% of the cases
on cystoscopy, it appears as a bladder mucosal irregularity or large intramural mass
the preferred treatment is cystectomy and urinary diversion
substitution cystoplasty and continent diversion
fulguration of a Hunner`s ulcer or hydrodistention
intravesical installation of silver nitrate or dimethyl sulfoxide
low dose external beam irradiation
ureteral obstruction
proteinuria
stone formation
renal scarring
is always asymptomatic
it shows a serological immune antibody response
is a common cause of sterile pyuria
typically, at this stage, the body demonstrates bacteriuria
chronic epididymitis
epididymo-orchitis
chronic bacterial prostatitis
venereal cysto-urethritis
CBC reveals leucocytosis with predominance of neutrophils
contrast CT reveals one or more focal wedge-like swollen regions of the kidney parenchyma, sparing the cortex, and demonstrating reduced enhancement rim sign
in children, recurrent acute pyelonephritis might lead to renal scarring
in pregnancy, recurrent acute pyelonephritis might lead to preterm labor
tuberculous ulcer
malignant ulcer
gummatous ulcers
traumatic ulcer