acute epididymitis
indwelling urethral catheters
transurethral surgery
all of the above
D. all of the above
Coxsackie B
Epstein-Barr
varicella
all of the above
nephrotic syndrome
hypertension
sickle cell hemoglobinopathy
sarcoidosis
infertility
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
non seminomatous germ cell tumor
chronic orchalgia
clinically, cannot be differentiated from acute bacterial prostatitis
medical management is often unsuccessful
it harbors prostate cancer in approximately 4.3% of cases
management include suprapubic urinary diversion
might rupture into the collecting system causing (hydatiduria)and renal colic
are formed by the eggs of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus
most cysts are asymptomatic but might manifest as flank mass, dull pain, or hematuria
the most reliable diagnostic test uses partially purified hydatid arc 5 antigens in a double-diffusion test
a history of repeated urologic and/or gynecologic procedures
10 fold higher incidence of childhood voiding problems
4 fold higher incidence of anxiety-depression syndrome
6 fold higher incidence of psychosomatic disorders
intra-prostatic ductal reflux
paraphimosis
specific blood groups
unprotected anal intercourse
greater than 8 fold
greater than 6 fold
greater than 4 fold
comparable
allergic, type I hypersensitivity response
pelvic floor dysfunction
up-regulation of histaminergic and muscarinic neuro-receptors
neural hypersensitivity
P blood group
fimbria
pili
hemolysin
indwelling catheter insertion must be under sterile condition
systemic antibiotics help best in preventing bacteriuria
greater than 90% of nosocomial UTIs are related to urethral catheters
Intermittent catheterization carries the incidence of 1-3% of developing bacteriuria per insertion
abscess appears as a low attenuation cystic cavity containing gas
renal parenchyma around the abscess cavity may show hypo enhancement in nephrogram phase
associated fascial and septal thickening are seen with obliteration of perinephric fat
all of the above
acute bacterial prostatitis presenting with abscess formation
recurrent or refractory chronic bacterial prostatitis
asymptomatic prostatitis with pyuria resistant to common antimicrobials
curiously, chronic inflammatory prostatitis could respond to low-dose suppressive antibiotic
advanced age
anatomical anomalies
poor drug compliance
smoking
nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
ampicillin
fosfomycin
inhibits bladder epithelial cell proliferation
inhibits the bladder proliferative growth factors
stimulates the proliferation inhibitory factors
none of the above
the incidence of scarring following a single episode of febrile UTI is 4.5%
intra-renal reflux is common in convex papillae
scarring and chronic pyelonephritis lead to hypertension in 10-20%
scarring is best detected and followed up by DMSA
could be a complication of chronic epididymitis and orchalgia
testicular torsion must be excluded
infected hair follicles and scrotal lacerations are predisposing factors
urethral discharge is not uncommon presentation
it is a constant or intermittent pain of testes for more than 3 months
could be due to appendix testis torsion-detorsion
could be due to radiculitis resulting from a degenerative lesion in the thoraco-lumber vertebrae
could be a result of entrapment neuropathy of ilioinguinal or genitofemoral nerve
the hallmark in the diagnosis is the cystoscopic findings
risk factors include transplant recipients
CT shows intramural and/or intraluminal gas in the bladder
requires surgical debridement and probably cystectomy
bladder neck suspension surgery
chronic constipation
poor genital hygiene
contraceptive diaphragm
viral load assay
western blot analysis
southern blot analysis
HIV-1/HIV-2 serology assay
histocytes
T lymphocytes
mast cells
B lymphocytes
chronic epididymitis
epididymo-orchitis
chronic bacterial prostatitis
venereal cysto-urethritis
once a catheter is placed, the daily incidence of bacteriuria is 3-10%
on long-term catheterization, over 90% of patients develop bacteriuria
the practice of using urinary catheters to control incontinence in bedridden patients should be discouraged
urine bags should be placed on the floor to enhance gravity drainage
testicular
renal
penile
all of the above
no pathognomonic histology for interstitial cystitis
basically, biopsies are performed to exclude carcinomas and other varieties of cystitis
diagnostic biopsies include the presence of discrete micro-ulcers and increased numbers of mast cells in the detrusor muscle or submucosa
none of the above
pain is dull aching in the scrotum, perineum, inner thighs, and lower abdomen
dysuria, frequency, and/or urgency
long-standing (> 6 weeks) history of scrotal pain, and tenderness
low grade fever, malaise, and urethral discharge
most cysts appear as filling defects on cystography
most often found in the trigone area
the cyst lumens contain esinophilic secretions that may have a few inflammatory cells
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis are reactive urothelial changes
a new episode of UTI caused by different species or occurring at long intervals
recurrent UTIs caused by the same organism in each instance, classically, at close intervals
recurrent UTIs due to failure of medical therapy to eradicate the infection
recurrent UTIs due to a persistent pathology that is obstinate to surgery