P blood group
fimbria
pili
hemolysin
C. pili
once a catheter is placed, the daily incidence of bacteriuria is 3-10%
on long-term catheterization, over 90% of patients develop bacteriuria
the practice of using urinary catheters to control incontinence in bedridden patients should be discouraged
urine bags should be placed on the floor to enhance gravity drainage
is the commonest extra-pulmonary site of infection
bladder TB is secondary to renal TB, and usually begins at the ureteral orifices
in the kidneys, TB is typically bilateral, cortical, and adjacent to the glomeruli; they may remain dormant for ages
epididymal TB might occur by hematogenous or direct spread from the urinary tract
advanced age
anatomical anomalies
poor drug compliance
smoking
indwelling catheter insertion must be under sterile condition
systemic antibiotics help best in preventing bacteriuria
greater than 90% of nosocomial UTIs are related to urethral catheters
Intermittent catheterization carries the incidence of 1-3% of developing bacteriuria per insertion
necrosis of the superficial and deep fascial planes
fibrinoid thrombosis of the nutrient arterioles
polymorphonuclear cell infiltration
all of the above
nucleic acid amplification tests are the preferred to diagnose Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections
shows dark yellow, purulent, thick urethral discharge
the most common site of the infection is the endocervix
the incubation period is 2 3 weeks
cystitis glandularis
cystitis cystica
esinophilic cystitis
cystitis follicularis
foreign-body cystitis due to vesical calculi
Von Brunn`s nests of cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis
schistosomiasis cystitis
inverted papilloma of the bladder
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
fever and chills
suprapubic pain and pyuria
flank pain and tenderness
none of the above
5%
10%
15%
20%
adherence of bacteria to vaginal cells
vaginal dryness
O serogroup
vaginal pH
discomfort on placing urethral catheter and pain on bladder filling
difficulty in zeroing the pressure and diminished response to first cough
low filling pressure but high voiding pressure
uninhibited bladder contractions with a relative bladder hypotonia
is a self-limiting infection where antibiotics are not required
is exclusively for UTI experienced by a girl after sexual intercourse on her wedding night
post-coital voiding has no value in the occurrence of the infection
self-initiated medication helps control the infection
commonly presents with scrotal pain, swelling, fever, and leucocytosis
epididymo-orchitis is the most frequent genitourinary complication of brucellosis
epididymo-orchitis occurs in 10-15% of male patients with brucellosis
treatment includes doxycycline and rifampicin for 6-8 weeks
is best diagnosed by ascending urethrography
occurs mostly in diabetic and immunosuppressed patients
could be due to maceration injury, irritant dermatitis, or Candida
commonly presents with deep inguinal lymphadenopathy
no pathognomonic histology for interstitial cystitis
basically, biopsies are performed to exclude carcinomas and other varieties of cystitis
diagnostic biopsies include the presence of discrete micro-ulcers and increased numbers of mast cells in the detrusor muscle or submucosa
none of the above
vesicoureteral reflux
stenosis of the lower ureter
edematous ureteral wall causing deficient peristalsis
any of the above
most cysts appear as filling defects on cystography
most often found in the trigone area
the cyst lumens contain esinophilic secretions that may have a few inflammatory cells
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis are reactive urothelial changes
aminopenicillins
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
rifampicin
doxycycline
azithromycin
none of the above
elevated body temperature
dropped blood pressure
elevated heart rate
reduced urine output
tuberculous ulcer
malignant ulcer
gummatous ulcers
traumatic ulcer
in the elderly
in long-term catheterized patient
in pregnancy
none of the above
allergic, type I hypersensitivity response
pelvic floor dysfunction
up-regulation of histaminergic and muscarinic neuro-receptors
neural hypersensitivity
clinically, cannot be differentiated from acute bacterial prostatitis
medical management is often unsuccessful
it harbors prostate cancer in approximately 4.3% of cases
management include suprapubic urinary diversion
taking urine samples by draining the urine bag
daily cleansing the external meatus
placing the urine bag on the floor
changing the urine bag once it is full
substitution cystoplasty and continent diversion
fulguration of a Hunner`s ulcer or hydrodistention
intravesical installation of silver nitrate or dimethyl sulfoxide
low dose external beam irradiation
probably due to antibody/antigen reaction
has no diagnostic findings on cystoscopy
has no specific medical therapy
on histology, Von Brunn`s nests appear invaginating the urothelium into the lamina propria
intra-prostatic ductal reflux
paraphimosis
specific blood groups
unprotected anal intercourse