results from ectopic nephrogenic blastema cells in the detrusor muscle
might undergo malignant transformation in 15 40% of the cases
on cystoscopy, it appears as a bladder mucosal irregularity or large intramural mass
the preferred treatment is cystectomy and urinary diversion
C. on cystoscopy, it appears as a bladder mucosal irregularity or large intramural mass
type II
type III-a
type III-b
type IV
early morning sample, after cleansing the perineum and meatus
by urethral catheterization under strict aseptic technique
a clean catch of midstream voided urine
by suprapubic aspiration, as urine is sterile
vesicoureteral reflux
stenosis of the lower ureter
edematous ureteral wall causing deficient peristalsis
any of the above
is an uncommon granulomatous disease that affect the skin and/or urinary bladder
it might be due to a disturbed function of B lymphocytes
characterized by the presence of basophilic inclusion structure (Michaelis-Gutmann body)
it might be due to a defective phagolysosomal activity of monocytes or macrophages
rifampicin
doxycycline
azithromycin
none of the above
taking urine samples by draining the urine bag
daily cleansing the external meatus
placing the urine bag on the floor
changing the urine bag once it is full
commonly, TB enters the urinary tract via intravesical instillation of attenuated live BCG to treat bladder cancer
CT urography may show infundibular stricture with or without hydrocalicosis
renal ultrasonography reveals calyceal erosions moth-eaten calyx
TB of the vas appears, clinically, as a thin hard strictured tube
VB1 and VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB2
prostatic secretions and the VB1
fever and chills
suprapubic pain and pyuria
flank pain and tenderness
none of the above
probably due to antibody/antigen reaction
has no diagnostic findings on cystoscopy
has no specific medical therapy
on histology, Von Brunn`s nests appear invaginating the urothelium into the lamina propria
in catheterized individuals, entry of bacteria into the bladder is facilitated by the bacterial glycocalyx biofilm
infection cannot be reliably distinguished from bacteriuria by lab tests
co-trimoxazole is the preferred antibiotic for empiric therapy
symptomatic UTI may be a diagnosis of exclusion
multiple antiretroviral drugs can be combined into a single pill
might cause radiolucent renal stones
can lead to a significant rise in the serum level of PDE5 inhibitors, if taken simultaneously
have the advantage of structured treatment interruptions (drug holidays)
inflammatory bowel disease
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosus
fibromyalgia
45% are caused by E. coli
related to an indwelling urinary catheter in approximately 40% of cases
responds fairly to oral antibiotics
tends to report higher antibiotic resistance
manifested as a sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, edema, hypertension, and RBC casts in the urine
post-streptococcus GN has an incubation period of 1-3 weeks with specific strains of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
the triad of sinusitis, pulmonary infiltrates, and nephritis, suggests Wegener granulomatosis
C3, C4, ESR and antistreptolysin O titer are increased
kidneys
bladder
prostate
epididymis
discomfort on placing urethral catheter and pain on bladder filling
difficulty in zeroing the pressure and diminished response to first cough
low filling pressure but high voiding pressure
uninhibited bladder contractions with a relative bladder hypotonia
histocytes
T lymphocytes
mast cells
B lymphocytes
any amount of uropathogen grown in culture indicates UTI
for cystitis, more than 1000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
for pyelonephritis, more than 10,000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
for asymptomatic bacteriuria, more than 100,000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
is defined as a polymicrobial chronic infection of the perineal, perianal, or genital areas
as the disease progresses, branches from the inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and external pudendal arteries get thrombosed
presents as a dark skinned-scrotum, subcutaneous crepitation, and foul smell
surgical debridement often spares the testes
kidneys and adrenals
bladder and ureters
prostate and vasa
testes and epididymi
could result from intra-renal abscess of ascending infection
urine culture might be negative
plain KUB X-ray has no value in the diagnosis
surgical drainage is the proper treatment
results from ectopic nephrogenic blastema cells in the detrusor muscle
might undergo malignant transformation in 15 40% of the cases
on cystoscopy, it appears as a bladder mucosal irregularity or large intramural mass
the preferred treatment is cystectomy and urinary diversion
pelvic inflammatory disease
lymphogranuloma venereum
infertility
all of the above
bladder neck suspension surgery
chronic constipation
poor genital hygiene
contraceptive diaphragm
acute bacterial prostatitis presenting with abscess formation
recurrent or refractory chronic bacterial prostatitis
asymptomatic prostatitis with pyuria resistant to common antimicrobials
curiously, chronic inflammatory prostatitis could respond to low-dose suppressive antibiotic
patients with indwelling catheters
neurogenic bladder patients on CIC
pregnant women
children under 5 years
rarely, the urothelial cell nests show a central lumen lined by glandular epithelium
In some cases, it may form polypoid masses that mimic urothelial neoplasms
It might appear as multinodular exophytic mass seen on cystoscopy
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis frequently coexist in the same specimen
prostatic TB is better drained per rectum before initiating the medications
renal TB may require nephroureterectomy
peripheral neuritis is a known side effect of isoniazid
moxifloxacin might result in tendon rupture
P blood-group antigen
P fimbriae in descending infections
emolysins
Dr family of adhesins in ascending infections