bladder epithelial cells
type C nerve endings in the bladder
type A delta nerve endings in the bladder
the innermost longitudinal fibres of detrusor muscle
A. bladder epithelial cells
is best diagnosed by ascending urethrography
occurs mostly in diabetic and immunosuppressed patients
could be due to maceration injury, irritant dermatitis, or Candida
commonly presents with deep inguinal lymphadenopathy
is defined as a polymicrobial chronic infection of the perineal, perianal, or genital areas
as the disease progresses, branches from the inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and external pudendal arteries get thrombosed
presents as a dark skinned-scrotum, subcutaneous crepitation, and foul smell
surgical debridement often spares the testes
is the commonest extra-pulmonary site of infection
bladder TB is secondary to renal TB, and usually begins at the ureteral orifices
in the kidneys, TB is typically bilateral, cortical, and adjacent to the glomeruli; they may remain dormant for ages
epididymal TB might occur by hematogenous or direct spread from the urinary tract
viral load assay
western blot analysis
southern blot analysis
HIV-1/HIV-2 serology assay
the average time from the beginning of radiation therapy to initial symptoms could be 2 4 weeks
treatment with stationary radiation, portals carry a higher risk of morbidity than treatment with rotating portals do
it occurs in about 10% of patients treated with definitive irradiation therapy for prostate cancer after 10 years
most cases are mildly affected and require no specific therapy
Kaposi sarcoma,
Hodgkin lymphoma
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
cervical cancer
sulfonamide for several months
TUR of the bladder lesion followed by proper staging
radical cystectomy and urinary diversion
intravesical installation of mitomycin without irradiation
aminoglycoside
fluoroquinolone
2nd generation cephalosporin
doxycycline
manifested as a sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, edema, hypertension, and RBC casts in the urine
post-streptococcus GN has an incubation period of 1-3 weeks with specific strains of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
the triad of sinusitis, pulmonary infiltrates, and nephritis, suggests Wegener granulomatosis
C3, C4, ESR and antistreptolysin O titer are increased
testicular
renal
penile
all of the above
ureteral obstruction
proteinuria
stone formation
renal scarring
the onset of symptoms is insidious
the lesion has no proven relation to bladder cancer
if left untreated, the bladder will turn small, contracted, with submucosal calcifications
a single positive urine culture refutes the diagnosis
ascending UTI causing acute lobar nephronia
acute pyelonephritis in a transplanted kidney
infected renal subcapsular hematoma
perinephric abscess causing septicemia
abscess appears as a low attenuation cystic cavity containing gas
renal parenchyma around the abscess cavity may show hypo enhancement in nephrogram phase
associated fascial and septal thickening are seen with obliteration of perinephric fat
all of the above
kidneys and adrenals
bladder and ureters
prostate and vasa
testes and epididymi
is most commonly associated with Proteus or E. coli infection
is characterized by lipid-laden foamy macrophages
the overall prognosis is poor
it might involve adjacent structures or organs
allergic, type I hypersensitivity response
pelvic floor dysfunction
up-regulation of histaminergic and muscarinic neuro-receptors
neural hypersensitivity
advanced age
anatomical anomalies
poor drug compliance
smoking
necrosis of the superficial and deep fascial planes
fibrinoid thrombosis of the nutrient arterioles
polymorphonuclear cell infiltration
all of the above
probably due to antibody/antigen reaction
has no diagnostic findings on cystoscopy
has no specific medical therapy
on histology, Von Brunn`s nests appear invaginating the urothelium into the lamina propria
condom catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to urethral
suprapubic catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to urethral
latex catheters carry less risk of UTI if compared to silicon
intermittent catheterization carry less risk of UTI if compared to indwelling catheters
aminopenicillins
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
children
the elderly
men
women
beaded vas deferens
testicular micrilithiasis
testicular atrophy
epididymal granuloma
the hallmark in the diagnosis is the cystoscopic findings
risk factors include transplant recipients
CT shows intramural and/or intraluminal gas in the bladder
requires surgical debridement and probably cystectomy
commonly presents with scrotal pain, swelling, fever, and leucocytosis
epididymo-orchitis is the most frequent genitourinary complication of brucellosis
epididymo-orchitis occurs in 10-15% of male patients with brucellosis
treatment includes doxycycline and rifampicin for 6-8 weeks
the incidence of scarring following a single episode of febrile UTI is 4.5%
intra-renal reflux is common in convex papillae
scarring and chronic pyelonephritis lead to hypertension in 10-20%
scarring is best detected and followed up by DMSA
kidneys
bladder
prostate
epididymis
nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
ampicillin
fosfomycin
P blood-group antigen
P fimbriae in descending infections
emolysins
Dr family of adhesins in ascending infections