chronic epididymitis
epididymo-orchitis
chronic bacterial prostatitis
venereal cysto-urethritis
C. chronic bacterial prostatitis
the hallmark in the diagnosis is the cystoscopic findings
risk factors include transplant recipients
CT shows intramural and/or intraluminal gas in the bladder
requires surgical debridement and probably cystectomy
vesicoureteral reflux
stenosis of the lower ureter
edematous ureteral wall causing deficient peristalsis
any of the above
rarely, the urothelial cell nests show a central lumen lined by glandular epithelium
In some cases, it may form polypoid masses that mimic urothelial neoplasms
It might appear as multinodular exophytic mass seen on cystoscopy
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis frequently coexist in the same specimen
most cysts appear as filling defects on cystography
most often found in the trigone area
the cyst lumens contain esinophilic secretions that may have a few inflammatory cells
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis are reactive urothelial changes
testicular
renal
penile
all of the above
5%
10%
15%
20%
should be distinguished from testicular torsion in the emergency setting
viral epididymitis is commoner in the elderly
chronic epididymitis might complicate BPH
chronic epididymitis might require epididymectomy
acute bacterial prostatitis presenting with abscess formation
recurrent or refractory chronic bacterial prostatitis
asymptomatic prostatitis with pyuria resistant to common antimicrobials
curiously, chronic inflammatory prostatitis could respond to low-dose suppressive antibiotic
VB1 and VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB2
prostatic secretions and the VB1
43%
53%
63%
73%
seniors house residents
ICU patients with indwelling urinary catheters
pregnant women
neurogenic bladder patients on CIC
categorizes CP-CPPS, IC, and painful bladder syndrome based on 5 etiological principles
meant to classify CP-CPPS and IC patients into 6 domains
helps establish a reliable diagnosis of CP/CPPS or IC
the diagnostic scores of UPOINT depend on cystoscopy, TRUS, urine analysis and culture of uncommon microbes
cleansing the urethral meatus with aseptic agent
careful aseptic insertion of the catheter
maintenance of a closed drainage system
maintaining a dependant drainage system
It is an endophytic tumor of the transitional urothelium
harbors p53 gene mutations
presents with hematuria, dysuria, and irritative voiding
the lesion requires transurethral resection
tuberculous ulcer
malignant ulcer
gummatous ulcers
traumatic ulcer
ureteral obstruction
proteinuria
stone formation
renal scarring
in catheterized individuals, entry of bacteria into the bladder is facilitated by the bacterial glycocalyx biofilm
infection cannot be reliably distinguished from bacteriuria by lab tests
co-trimoxazole is the preferred antibiotic for empiric therapy
symptomatic UTI may be a diagnosis of exclusion
could result from intra-renal abscess of ascending infection
urine culture might be negative
plain KUB X-ray has no value in the diagnosis
surgical drainage is the proper treatment
a new episode of UTI caused by different species or occurring at long intervals
recurrent UTIs caused by the same organism in each instance, classically, at close intervals
recurrent UTIs due to failure of medical therapy to eradicate the infection
recurrent UTIs due to a persistent pathology that is obstinate to surgery
might rupture into the collecting system causing (hydatiduria)and renal colic
are formed by the eggs of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus
most cysts are asymptomatic but might manifest as flank mass, dull pain, or hematuria
the most reliable diagnostic test uses partially purified hydatid arc 5 antigens in a double-diffusion test
in the elderly
in long-term catheterized patient
in pregnancy
none of the above
carry on the full antibiotic course, and then repeat CT
incision and drainage of the renal abscess with/without nephrectomy
the abscess size dictates management
perc. drainage of the renal abscess
advanced age
anatomical anomalies
poor drug compliance
smoking
bladder epithelial cells
type C nerve endings in the bladder
type A delta nerve endings in the bladder
the innermost longitudinal fibres of detrusor muscle
pH of vaginal secretions increases after menopause
estrogen deficiency manifests as trophic urethritis and atrophic vaginitis
topical conjugated estrogen replacement carries a significant risk of breast and endometrial cancers
manifestations might include obstructive symptoms and non-infectious cystitis
necrosis of the superficial and deep fascial planes
fibrinoid thrombosis of the nutrient arterioles
polymorphonuclear cell infiltration
all of the above
16
18
22
12
rifampicin
doxycycline
azithromycin
none of the above
no pathognomonic histology for interstitial cystitis
basically, biopsies are performed to exclude carcinomas and other varieties of cystitis
diagnostic biopsies include the presence of discrete micro-ulcers and increased numbers of mast cells in the detrusor muscle or submucosa
none of the above
sexual activity
the use of spermicide
estrogen depletion
fecal incontinence