ureteral obstruction
proteinuria
stone formation
renal scarring
A. ureteral obstruction
perivesical abscess with fistula to bladder
acute tubular necrosis
renal papillary necrosis
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
antibiotic therapy is recommended for affected individuals with documented trichomonal infection and sexual partners even if asymptomatic
empirical treatment for gonococcal urethritis should cover chlamydia trachomatis
consistent and proper usage of condoms is estimated to prevent HIV transmission by approximately 80 to 95%
vaccinations are available for the prevention of human papillomavirus, N. gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis
type I
type II
type III
type IV
adherence of bacteria to vaginal cells
vaginal dryness
O serogroup
vaginal pH
the cytological examination of the urine and/or EPS
transrectal ultrasonographic examination
the presence of ≥10 WBCs/HPF in the urine with negative culture in type III-b
the positive urine culture, and negative EPS support type III-a
the incidence of scarring following a single episode of febrile UTI is 4.5%
intra-renal reflux is common in convex papillae
scarring and chronic pyelonephritis lead to hypertension in 10-20%
scarring is best detected and followed up by DMSA
ureteral obstruction
proteinuria
stone formation
renal scarring
PCNL after treating the infection
cystoscopy and placing a retrograde ureteral stent followed by ESWL
perc. nephrostomy and placing antegrade ureteral stent
nephrectomy
VB1 and VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB2
prostatic secretions and the VB1
sulfonamide for several months
TUR of the bladder lesion followed by proper staging
radical cystectomy and urinary diversion
intravesical installation of mitomycin without irradiation
neurogenic bladder
the use of spermicide
urinary catheterization
fecal incontinence
giant staghorn stone
perivesical abscess with fistula to the bladder
bacterial resistance
self-inflicted infection
P blood group
fimbria
pili
hemolysin
substitution cystoplasty and continent diversion
fulguration of a Hunner`s ulcer or hydrodistention
intravesical installation of silver nitrate or dimethyl sulfoxide
low dose external beam irradiation
the average time from the beginning of radiation therapy to initial symptoms could be 2 4 weeks
treatment with stationary radiation, portals carry a higher risk of morbidity than treatment with rotating portals do
it occurs in about 10% of patients treated with definitive irradiation therapy for prostate cancer after 10 years
most cases are mildly affected and require no specific therapy
categorizes CP-CPPS, IC, and painful bladder syndrome based on 5 etiological principles
meant to classify CP-CPPS and IC patients into 6 domains
helps establish a reliable diagnosis of CP/CPPS or IC
the diagnostic scores of UPOINT depend on cystoscopy, TRUS, urine analysis and culture of uncommon microbes
results from ectopic nephrogenic blastema cells in the detrusor muscle
might undergo malignant transformation in 15 40% of the cases
on cystoscopy, it appears as a bladder mucosal irregularity or large intramural mass
the preferred treatment is cystectomy and urinary diversion
produces yellow whitish, scanty, frothy urethral discharge
shows gram (+), extracellular diplococcic
infection could be contracted from the spouses eyes
responds fairly to azithromycin
45% are caused by E. coli
related to an indwelling urinary catheter in approximately 40% of cases
responds fairly to oral antibiotics
tends to report higher antibiotic resistance
inflammatory bowel disease
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosus
fibromyalgia
fever, chills, abdominal pain
costovertibral angle tenderness
hypogastric and loin pain
flank pain, dysuria
improperly drained hair follicle scrotal abscess
syphilitic orchitis
tuberculous epididymitis
all of the above
probably due to antibody/antigen reaction
has no diagnostic findings on cystoscopy
has no specific medical therapy
on histology, Von Brunn`s nests appear invaginating the urothelium into the lamina propria
mode of administration
level in the serum
level in the urine
dosage
pH of vaginal secretions increases after menopause
estrogen deficiency manifests as trophic urethritis and atrophic vaginitis
topical conjugated estrogen replacement carries a significant risk of breast and endometrial cancers
manifestations might include obstructive symptoms and non-infectious cystitis
rifampicin
doxycycline
azithromycin
none of the above
is a premalignant condition
it can be locally aggressive and invades surrounding structures causing bone erosions
kidneys are the most commonly affected organs
characterized by rounded intracellular inclusions (owls-eyes) in large esinophilic histocytes
histocytes
T lymphocytes
mast cells
B lymphocytes
N. gonorrhea and C. trachomatis
E. coli and Pseudomonas species
Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species
Trichomonas vaginalis and Gardnerella vaginalis
is best diagnosed by ascending urethrography
occurs mostly in diabetic and immunosuppressed patients
could be due to maceration injury, irritant dermatitis, or Candida
commonly presents with deep inguinal lymphadenopathy