PSA decreases
the prostate size decreases
the complaints resolve
the Q.O.L improves
C. the complaints resolve
as a man ages, the responsiveness of prostate cells to androgenic stimuli decreases
adrenal androgens have no role in BPH development
type-1 steroid 5 α-reductase is functionally active in the hair follicle
all of the above
obstruction results in bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy and myofibroblasts deposition
BPH occurs chiefly in the transitional zone and periurethral tissues
BPH microscopical changes begin in early thirties
histologic findings of chronic prostatitis are common in BPH
provides tissue preservation for pathological examination
treats any size of prostatic adenoma
follows anatomic planes to remove the prostate in lobes
urinary incontinence is a significant drawback after HoLEP
the size of the prostate correlates well to the degree of obstruction
a decrease of 3 points in IPSS is associated with a subjective perception of improvement
median lobe enlargement gives rise to serious obstructive symptoms
bladder trabeculation is not specific for an obstructing prostate
bladder stones
prostate cancer
renal insufficiency
bladder diverticula
urolithiasis
receiving chemotherapy
upper tract surgery
painless hematuria
alfuzosin
silodosin
finasteride
tamsulosin
bladder neck
apex
median lobe
para-collecular
there is an increase in the number of epithelial and stromal cells
there is an increase in the size of epithelial and stromal cells
in BPH, epithelial to stromal cells ratio is 1:2
all of the above
the aim is to occlude the internal iliac vessels
there is a considerable radiation risk during the procedure
bilateral embolization provides better results
eye protection is not required
hematuria and infections
migration and encrustation of the stent
irritative urinary symptoms and painful ejaculation
all of the above
removing small bladder stones
better access to prostatic fossa
technically, easier trigonization
. When comparing retropubic to suprapubic prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the former has the advantage of:
the presence of prostate cancer
previous prostatectomy
all of the above
. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for prostatic adenoma has the following advantage over TURP:
enoxaparin
silodosin
finasteride
tolterodine
532 nm
694 nm
755 nm
1064 nm
sacral cord integrity
pelvic hematoma
pelvic floor muscle tenderness
prostatic median lobe hypertrophy
it may develop detrusor instability with irritative LUTS
it may develop poor compliance with frequency and urgency symptoms
it may develop poor detrusor contractility with obstructive LUTS
all of the above
an additional 15 g in prostate weight
each centimeter over the normal 1.5-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 5 g in prostate weight
. When comparing suprapubic to retropubic prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the former allows:
peak flow rate of ≤ 12 mL/sec
prostate volume > 40 ml
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
b & c
BPH is an inheritable and progressive disease
familial BPH presents at an older age when compared to sporadic cases
approximately 90% of men in their 80s have histologic evidence of BPH
BPH tends to be more severe and progressive in black men when compared to whites
operating on patients with multiple bladder diverticula
operating on patients who cannot flex their hips and/or knees
unfavorable tissue preservation for pathological examination
. What is (are) the contraindication(s) to open prostatectomy for prostatic adenoma?
TUIP
TURP
HoLEP
HoLRP
bladder stones
BPH
prostatitis syndrome
. What is (are) the indication(s) of antimuscarinic agents and PDEIs
occurs because of absorption of non-sodium-containing irrigating fluid
occurs only on using unipolar TURP
results in brain edema due to dilutional hyponatremia
positioning the patient in anti-Trendelenburg helps prevent the syndrome
anterior
median
left lateral
all of the above
each centimeter over the normal 2-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 12 g in prostate weight
each centimeter over the normal 2.5-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 10 g in prostate weight
increased intravesical pressure
increased detrusor pressure
increase collagen deposition in the detrusor
detrusor smooth muscle hypertrophy
men with storage symptoms
men with ED
failed combination of α-adrenergic blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor
a & b
worsening of LUTS and BPH over time
patients die of other reasons before serious complications occur
physically, the space of prostatic fossa limits the gland enlargement
ultimately, the gland will degenerate and undergo apoptosis
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
prostate volume > 40 ml
IPSS > 19
a & b