complicates approximately 0.7% of cataract surgery cases
manifests as poor preoperative pupil dilation, iris prolapse, and progressive intraoperative miosis
it could persist long after the discontinuation of tamsulosin
intraoperative lidocaine reduces its incidence in patients taking α- adrenergic inhibitors
C. it could persist long after the discontinuation of tamsulosin
induces nerve degeneration in the prostate and tissue necrosis
frequently results in transient urinary retention
frequently leads to erectile dysfunction
the high-energy platform is superior to the low-energy with regard to clinical efficacy
complicates approximately 0.7% of cataract surgery cases
manifests as poor preoperative pupil dilation, iris prolapse, and progressive intraoperative miosis
it could persist long after the discontinuation of tamsulosin
intraoperative lidocaine reduces its incidence in patients taking α- adrenergic inhibitors
it may develop detrusor instability with irritative LUTS
it may develop poor compliance with frequency and urgency symptoms
it may develop poor detrusor contractility with obstructive LUTS
all of the above
occurs because of absorption of non-sodium-containing irrigating fluid
occurs only on using unipolar TURP
results in brain edema due to dilutional hyponatremia
positioning the patient in anti-Trendelenburg helps prevent the syndrome
symptoms begin with a serum sodium of less than 120 mEq/L
the mortality is 2.7-5.8 %
manifestations rely on acute changes in the intravascular volume and plasma solute concentrations
the preferred height of irrigating fluid is 60 cm above the patient
the most potent androgenic hormones in BPH development is DHT
type-2 steroid 5 α-reductase, is most commonly found in the prostate
castrated individuals before puberty will not develop BPH
as a man ages, the number of androgen receptors in the prostate decreases
PVP
HoLEP
HoLRP
TUMT
never
unlikely
likely
always
is only indicated in small prostates
complications are related to the amount of lost blood and removed chips
is a minimal procedure where no risk of rectal injury or retrograde ejaculation have been reported
it entails making 1 or 2 incisions along all prostate lobes except the apical
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
prostate volume > 40 ml
IPSS > 19
a & b
anterior
median
left lateral
all of the above
intra-prostatic levels of estrogen decrease in men with BPH
stimulation of the adrenergic nervous system results in a dynamic increase in prostatic urethral resistance
inflammation may play a role through cytokines to promote cell growth
hyperplasia occurs due to an imbalance between cell death and cell proliferation
LUTS with neurologic disease
LUTS with post-void dribble
LUTS with suspicious DRE
LUTS with hematuria
before catheterization
after catheterization and before TURP
immediately after TURP
2 weeks after TURP
sacral cord integrity
pelvic hematoma
pelvic floor muscle tenderness
prostatic median lobe hypertrophy
damage to the internal sphincter
damage to the external sphincter
bladder perforation
damage to a ureteral orifice
corporal aspiration
corpora injection with an α-adrenergic agent
corpora injection with an α-adrenergic blocker
no treatment required
increased intravesical pressure
increased detrusor pressure
increase collagen deposition in the detrusor
detrusor smooth muscle hypertrophy
the presence of prostate cancer
previous prostatectomy
all of the above
. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for prostatic adenoma has the following advantage over TURP:
there is an increase in the number of epithelial and stromal cells
there is an increase in the size of epithelial and stromal cells
in BPH, epithelial to stromal cells ratio is 1:2
all of the above
combination of α-adrenergic blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor
watchful waiting
TURP
. What is the commonest cause of LUTS in men beyond middle age?
achieves better results when combined with antimuscarinic
enhances detrusor contractility resulting in higher Q-max
enhance detrusor relaxation during bladder-filling phase
increases voiding pressure that poses risk on renal function
sizable bladder stones
Hutch diverticulum
a suspicion of cancer
a & b
IPSS cannot be used to establish the diagnosis of BPH/LUTS
prostate biopsy is essential in diagnosing BPH and excluding cancers
PSA and uroflowmetry help diagnose the condition
none of the above
urolithiasis
receiving chemotherapy
upper tract surgery
painless hematuria
2 weeks after performing prostatic urethral lift
6-month treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors
after placing a stent in the prostatic urethra
immediately after removing one-half of the prostate by TURP
BPH is an inheritable and progressive disease
familial BPH presents at an older age when compared to sporadic cases
approximately 90% of men in their 80s have histologic evidence of BPH
BPH tends to be more severe and progressive in black men when compared to whites
enoxaparin
silodosin
finasteride
tolterodine
is specific for prostate symptom
is a seven-question, self-administered questionnaire that yields a total score that ranges from 0 to 35
a sum of 20 on IPSS scale is severe
it covers both voiding and storage symptomatology
frequency, over-flow incontinence, straining, retention
straining, frequency, over-flow incontinence, retention
straining, frequency, retention, over-flow incontinence
frequency, straining, retention, over-flow incontinence