increased intravesical pressure
increased detrusor pressure
increase collagen deposition in the detrusor
detrusor smooth muscle hypertrophy
A. increased intravesical pressure
2 weeks after performing prostatic urethral lift
6-month treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors
after placing a stent in the prostatic urethra
immediately after removing one-half of the prostate by TURP
hematuria
recurrent urinary tract infection
renal insufficiency
all of the above
bladder trabeculation
significant PVR
low peak flow rate
high IPSS
BPH is an inheritable and progressive disease
familial BPH presents at an older age when compared to sporadic cases
approximately 90% of men in their 80s have histologic evidence of BPH
BPH tends to be more severe and progressive in black men when compared to whites
worsening of LUTS and BPH over time
patients die of other reasons before serious complications occur
physically, the space of prostatic fossa limits the gland enlargement
ultimately, the gland will degenerate and undergo apoptosis
induces nerve degeneration in the prostate and tissue necrosis
frequently results in transient urinary retention
frequently leads to erectile dysfunction
the high-energy platform is superior to the low-energy with regard to clinical efficacy
increased intravesical pressure
increased detrusor pressure
increase collagen deposition in the detrusor
detrusor smooth muscle hypertrophy
PSA decreases
the prostate size decreases
the complaints resolve
the Q.O.L improves
it may develop detrusor instability with irritative LUTS
it may develop poor compliance with frequency and urgency symptoms
it may develop poor detrusor contractility with obstructive LUTS
all of the above
calcium channel blockers
antihistamines
antidepressants
cold medications containing pseudoephedrine
operation time
duration of in-hospital stay
amount of blood transfused
time to catheter removal
62 - 78%
48 - 61%
79 - 93%
34 - 47%
the irrigating fluid is at a pressure exceeding 10 mm Hg
the prostate volume is > 45 cc
the resection time is > 90 minutes
all of the above
total and free PSA
renal ultrasonography
creatinine clearance
uroflowmetry
sizable bladder stones
Hutch diverticulum
a suspicion of cancer
a & b
tamsulosin
alfuzosin
doxazosin
silodosin
provides tissue preservation for pathological examination
treats any size of prostatic adenoma
follows anatomic planes to remove the prostate in lobes
urinary incontinence is a significant drawback after HoLEP
it helps predict the response to 5α-reductase inhibitors
it monitors LUTS/BPH progression
BPH patients are at higher risk of developing prostate cancer
a & b
as a man ages, the responsiveness of prostate cells to androgenic stimuli decreases
adrenal androgens have no role in BPH development
type-1 steroid 5 α-reductase is functionally active in the hair follicle
all of the above
urolithiasis
receiving chemotherapy
upper tract surgery
painless hematuria
it focuses on last month`s symptoms
scores of moderate symptoms suggest surgical treatment if the patient`s quality of life was poor
it has been validated and translated to many languages
all of the above
sacral cord integrity
pelvic hematoma
pelvic floor muscle tenderness
prostatic median lobe hypertrophy
bladder stones
prostate cancer
renal insufficiency
bladder diverticula
occurs because of absorption of non-sodium-containing irrigating fluid
occurs only on using unipolar TURP
results in brain edema due to dilutional hyponatremia
positioning the patient in anti-Trendelenburg helps prevent the syndrome
tamsulosin 0.8 mg
reassurance
repeat total and free PSA
diagnostic cystoscopy
frequency, over-flow incontinence, straining, retention
straining, frequency, over-flow incontinence, retention
straining, frequency, retention, over-flow incontinence
frequency, straining, retention, over-flow incontinence
operating on patients with multiple bladder diverticula
operating on patients who cannot flex their hips and/or knees
unfavorable tissue preservation for pathological examination
. What is (are) the contraindication(s) to open prostatectomy for prostatic adenoma?
TUIP
TURP
HoLEP
HoLRP
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
prostate volume > 40 ml
IPSS > 19
a & b
hematuria and infections
migration and encrustation of the stent
irritative urinary symptoms and painful ejaculation
all of the above