is the commonest extra-pulmonary site of infection
bladder TB is secondary to renal TB, and usually begins at the ureteral orifices
in the kidneys, TB is typically bilateral, cortical, and adjacent to the glomeruli; they may remain dormant for ages
epididymal TB might occur by hematogenous or direct spread from the urinary tract
A. is the commonest extra-pulmonary site of infection
once a catheter is placed, the daily incidence of bacteriuria is 3-10%
on long-term catheterization, over 90% of patients develop bacteriuria
the practice of using urinary catheters to control incontinence in bedridden patients should be discouraged
urine bags should be placed on the floor to enhance gravity drainage
CT shows the characteristic bear paw sign
it is an infected, obstructed, poorly functioning kidney containing stones
nephrectomy is the treatment
all of the above
discomfort on placing urethral catheter and pain on bladder filling
difficulty in zeroing the pressure and diminished response to first cough
low filling pressure but high voiding pressure
uninhibited bladder contractions with a relative bladder hypotonia
sexual activity
the use of spermicide
estrogen depletion
fecal incontinence
inadequately treated UTI
renal papillary necrosis
acute emphysematous pyelonephritis
urinary tract tuberculosis
is always asymptomatic
it shows a serological immune antibody response
is a common cause of sterile pyuria
typically, at this stage, the body demonstrates bacteriuria
ascending UTI causing acute lobar nephronia
acute pyelonephritis in a transplanted kidney
infected renal subcapsular hematoma
perinephric abscess causing septicemia
Kaposi sarcoma,
Hodgkin lymphoma
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
cervical cancer
is a self-limiting infection where antibiotics are not required
is exclusively for UTI experienced by a girl after sexual intercourse on her wedding night
post-coital voiding has no value in the occurrence of the infection
self-initiated medication helps control the infection
poor tissue perfusion manifests as hyperlactemia and decreased capillary refill
acute oliguria indicates an organ dysfunction and circulatory collapse
septic shock is an extreme form of sepsis when hypotension persists despite adequate fluid resuscitation
hypotension is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation at an early septic shock
is a common cause of elevated PSA level
might follow BCG treatment
is sequelae of untreated type III-b prostatitis
shows homogenous enhancement following Gd-DTPA on prostate MRI
the onset of symptoms is insidious
the lesion has no proven relation to bladder cancer
if left untreated, the bladder will turn small, contracted, with submucosal calcifications
a single positive urine culture refutes the diagnosis
characterized by neurovirulence
the incubation period of primary genital herpes is 2 3 weeks
HSV can be isolated in the urine
HSV-1 infection causes urethritis more often than HSV-2 does
rifampicin
doxycycline
azithromycin
none of the above
could result from intra-renal abscess of ascending infection
urine culture might be negative
plain KUB X-ray has no value in the diagnosis
surgical drainage is the proper treatment
P blood-group antigen
P fimbriae in descending infections
emolysins
Dr family of adhesins in ascending infections
infertility
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
non seminomatous germ cell tumor
chronic orchalgia
is defined as a polymicrobial chronic infection of the perineal, perianal, or genital areas
as the disease progresses, branches from the inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and external pudendal arteries get thrombosed
presents as a dark skinned-scrotum, subcutaneous crepitation, and foul smell
surgical debridement often spares the testes
inhibits bladder epithelial cell proliferation
inhibits the bladder proliferative growth factors
stimulates the proliferation inhibitory factors
none of the above
small indirect inguinal hernia may irritate the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve causing orchialgia
might respond to a selective nerve block
the recommended treatment is orchiectomy with implantation of a testicular prosthesis
psychotherapy and stress management might alleviate the pain
nucleic acid amplification tests are the preferred to diagnose Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections
shows dark yellow, purulent, thick urethral discharge
the most common site of the infection is the endocervix
the incubation period is 2 3 weeks
dirty - infected
contaminated
clean - contaminated
clean
are premalignant, and found in 1-6% of prostate biopsies
are small hyaline masses of unknown significance found in the prostate gland
they are degenerate cells or thickened secretions in the prostate ducts
might appear as prostate calcifications on X-ray KUB
is best diagnosed by ascending urethrography
occurs mostly in diabetic and immunosuppressed patients
could be due to maceration injury, irritant dermatitis, or Candida
commonly presents with deep inguinal lymphadenopathy
natural sloughing of bladder mucosa
voiding
urine osmolarity
urine pH
rarely, the urothelial cell nests show a central lumen lined by glandular epithelium
In some cases, it may form polypoid masses that mimic urothelial neoplasms
It might appear as multinodular exophytic mass seen on cystoscopy
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis frequently coexist in the same specimen
the average time from the beginning of radiation therapy to initial symptoms could be 2 4 weeks
treatment with stationary radiation, portals carry a higher risk of morbidity than treatment with rotating portals do
it occurs in about 10% of patients treated with definitive irradiation therapy for prostate cancer after 10 years
most cases are mildly affected and require no specific therapy
cystitis glandularis
cystitis cystica
esinophilic cystitis
cystitis follicularis
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
vesicoureteral reflux
stenosis of the lower ureter
edematous ureteral wall causing deficient peristalsis
any of the above