provides tissue preservation for pathological examination
treats any size of prostatic adenoma
follows anatomic planes to remove the prostate in lobes
urinary incontinence is a significant drawback after HoLEP
D. urinary incontinence is a significant drawback after HoLEP
the most potent androgenic hormones in BPH development is DHT
type-2 steroid 5 α-reductase, is most commonly found in the prostate
castrated individuals before puberty will not develop BPH
as a man ages, the number of androgen receptors in the prostate decreases
532 nm
694 nm
755 nm
1064 nm
renal insufficiency
urinary retention
dry mouth
painless hematuria
hematuria
recurrent urinary tract infection
renal insufficiency
all of the above
removing small bladder stones
better access to prostatic fossa
technically, easier trigonization
. When comparing retropubic to suprapubic prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the former has the advantage of:
intra-prostatic levels of estrogen decrease in men with BPH
stimulation of the adrenergic nervous system results in a dynamic increase in prostatic urethral resistance
inflammation may play a role through cytokines to promote cell growth
hyperplasia occurs due to an imbalance between cell death and cell proliferation
LUTS with neurologic disease
LUTS with post-void dribble
LUTS with suspicious DRE
LUTS with hematuria
worsening of LUTS and BPH over time
patients die of other reasons before serious complications occur
physically, the space of prostatic fossa limits the gland enlargement
ultimately, the gland will degenerate and undergo apoptosis
bladder stones
BPH
prostatitis syndrome
. What is (are) the indication(s) of antimuscarinic agents and PDEIs
the presence of prostate cancer
previous prostatectomy
all of the above
. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for prostatic adenoma has the following advantage over TURP:
small prostate
mainly median lobe hypertrophy
history of urinary retention
mainly irritative symptoms
tuberculous prostatitis
prostatic cancer
inspissated prostatic abscess
any of the above
combination of α-adrenergic blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor
watchful waiting
TURP
. What is the commonest cause of LUTS in men beyond middle age?
total and free PSA
renal ultrasonography
creatinine clearance
uroflowmetry
it may develop detrusor instability with irritative LUTS
it may develop poor compliance with frequency and urgency symptoms
it may develop poor detrusor contractility with obstructive LUTS
all of the above
it helps predict the response to 5α-reductase inhibitors
it monitors LUTS/BPH progression
BPH patients are at higher risk of developing prostate cancer
a & b
BPH is an inheritable and progressive disease
familial BPH presents at an older age when compared to sporadic cases
approximately 90% of men in their 80s have histologic evidence of BPH
BPH tends to be more severe and progressive in black men when compared to whites
achieves better results when combined with antimuscarinic
enhances detrusor contractility resulting in higher Q-max
enhance detrusor relaxation during bladder-filling phase
increases voiding pressure that poses risk on renal function
there is an increase in the number of epithelial and stromal cells
there is an increase in the size of epithelial and stromal cells
in BPH, epithelial to stromal cells ratio is 1:2
all of the above
2 weeks after performing prostatic urethral lift
6-month treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors
after placing a stent in the prostatic urethra
immediately after removing one-half of the prostate by TURP
the glandular component of the prostate
the IPSS questionnaire points
the PVR
the transitional zone volume
provides tissue preservation for pathological examination
treats any size of prostatic adenoma
follows anatomic planes to remove the prostate in lobes
urinary incontinence is a significant drawback after HoLEP
the size of the prostate correlates well to the degree of obstruction
a decrease of 3 points in IPSS is associated with a subjective perception of improvement
median lobe enlargement gives rise to serious obstructive symptoms
bladder trabeculation is not specific for an obstructing prostate
hematuria and infections
migration and encrustation of the stent
irritative urinary symptoms and painful ejaculation
all of the above
occurs because of absorption of non-sodium-containing irrigating fluid
occurs only on using unipolar TURP
results in brain edema due to dilutional hyponatremia
positioning the patient in anti-Trendelenburg helps prevent the syndrome
prostate sizes of up to 70 ml can be treated
not recommended in patients with metallic artificial hip
retreatment rates are lower than for TURP
can be performed in an office-based setting
operation time
duration of in-hospital stay
amount of blood transfused
time to catheter removal
increased intravesical pressure
increased detrusor pressure
increase collagen deposition in the detrusor
detrusor smooth muscle hypertrophy
is only indicated in small prostates
complications are related to the amount of lost blood and removed chips
is a minimal procedure where no risk of rectal injury or retrograde ejaculation have been reported
it entails making 1 or 2 incisions along all prostate lobes except the apical
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
prostate volume > 40 ml
IPSS > 19
a & b