What virus(s) could cause orchitis?
Coxsackie B
Epstein-Barr
varicella
all of the above
Correct Answer :
D. all of the above
self-explanatory.
Related Questions
Ureteral dilation in schistosomiasis could be due to:
vesicoureteral reflux
stenosis of the lower ureter
edematous ureteral wall causing deficient peristalsis
any of the above
What antimicrobial agent treats UTI and does NOT alter the gut flora?
trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
Which statement best defines reinfection?
a new episode of UTI caused by different species or occurring at long intervals
recurrent UTIs caused by the same organism in each instance, classically, at close intervals
recurrent UTIs due to failure of medical therapy to eradicate the infection
recurrent UTIs due to a persistent pathology that is obstinate to surgery
UPOINT system for phenotype categorization:
categorizes CP-CPPS, IC, and painful bladder syndrome based on 5 etiological principles
meant to classify CP-CPPS and IC patients into 6 domains
helps establish a reliable diagnosis of CP/CPPS or IC
the diagnostic scores of UPOINT depend on cystoscopy, TRUS, urine analysis and culture of uncommon microbes
What type of human Herpes virus is implicated in all forms of Kaposi sarcoma?
2
6
7
8
What is the least important measure in indwelling catheter care?
cleansing the urethral meatus with aseptic agent
careful aseptic insertion of the catheter
maintenance of a closed drainage system
maintaining a dependant drainage system
What is true regarding Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis?
CT shows the characteristic bear paw sign
it is an infected, obstructed, poorly functioning kidney containing stones
nephrectomy is the treatment
all of the above
What is (are) the prominent clinical finding(s) in the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis?
fever, chills, abdominal pain
costovertibral angle tenderness
hypogastric and loin pain
flank pain, dysuria
What is false concerning chronic orchialgia syndrome?
it is a constant or intermittent pain of testes for more than 3 months
could be due to appendix testis torsion-detorsion
could be due to radiculitis resulting from a degenerative lesion in the thoraco-lumber vertebrae
could be a result of entrapment neuropathy of ilioinguinal or genitofemoral nerve
What type of cells is implicated most in the pathogenesis of BPS/IC?
histocytes
T lymphocytes
mast cells
B lymphocytes
What is false concerning radiation cystitis?
the average time from the beginning of radiation therapy to initial symptoms could be 2 4 weeks
treatment with stationary radiation, portals carry a higher risk of morbidity than treatment with rotating portals do
it occurs in about 10% of patients treated with definitive irradiation therapy for prostate cancer after 10 years
most cases are mildly affected and require no specific therapy
What is false concerning post UTI renal scarring in pediatrics?
the incidence of scarring following a single episode of febrile UTI is 4.5%
intra-renal reflux is common in convex papillae
scarring and chronic pyelonephritis lead to hypertension in 10-20%
scarring is best detected and followed up by DMSA
What is true concerning BPS/IC?
the onset of symptoms is insidious
the lesion has no proven relation to bladder cancer
if left untreated, the bladder will turn small, contracted, with submucosal calcifications
a single positive urine culture refutes the diagnosis
What is true concerning scrotal abscesses?
could be a complication of chronic epididymitis and orchalgia
testicular torsion must be excluded
infected hair follicles and scrotal lacerations are predisposing factors
urethral discharge is not uncommon presentation
What is false concerning sepsis syndrome?
poor tissue perfusion manifests as hyperlactemia and decreased capillary refill
acute oliguria indicates an organ dysfunction and circulatory collapse
septic shock is an extreme form of sepsis when hypotension persists despite adequate fluid resuscitation
hypotension is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation at an early septic shock
Which of the following has NO role in bacterial colonization in the prostate?
intra-prostatic ductal reflux
paraphimosis
specific blood groups
unprotected anal intercourse
What is false regarding Gonorrheal STD in women?
nucleic acid amplification tests are the preferred to diagnose Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections
shows dark yellow, purulent, thick urethral discharge
the most common site of the infection is the endocervix
the incubation period is 2 3 weeks
What is false concerning UTI in long-term care facilities?
in catheterized individuals, entry of bacteria into the bladder is facilitated by the bacterial glycocalyx biofilm
infection cannot be reliably distinguished from bacteriuria by lab tests
co-trimoxazole is the preferred antibiotic for empiric therapy
symptomatic UTI may be a diagnosis of exclusion
What is false concerning genitourinary TB?
is the commonest extra-pulmonary site of infection
bladder TB is secondary to renal TB, and usually begins at the ureteral orifices
in the kidneys, TB is typically bilateral, cortical, and adjacent to the glomeruli; they may remain dormant for ages
epididymal TB might occur by hematogenous or direct spread from the urinary tract
What are the diagnostic findings on cystometrogram for BPS/IC?
discomfort on placing urethral catheter and pain on bladder filling
difficulty in zeroing the pressure and diminished response to first cough
low filling pressure but high voiding pressure
uninhibited bladder contractions with a relative bladder hypotonia
Epididymal cysts are common in the following conditions,
EXCEPT:
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
What is the best statement that describes the action of antiproliferative factor?
inhibits bladder epithelial cell proliferation
inhibits the bladder proliferative growth factors
stimulates the proliferation inhibitory factors
none of the above
Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for BPS/IC?
substitution cystoplasty and continent diversion
fulguration of a Hunner`s ulcer or hydrodistention
intravesical installation of silver nitrate or dimethyl sulfoxide
low dose external beam irradiation
What is the most significant complication of papillary necrosis?
ureteral obstruction
proteinuria
stone formation
renal scarring
What condition(s) could occur in schistosomal ureter?
beading of the lower ureteral segment
ureteral fibrosis and calcifications of the distal ureter
stricture at the uretero-vesical junction
all of the above
In which segmented voided bladder (VB) specimen, the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis is confirmed?
VB1 and VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB2
prostatic secretions and the VB1
What type of scrotal ulcers is painless, punched out, with yellowish grey floor?
tuberculous ulcer
malignant ulcer
gummatous ulcers
traumatic ulcer
What is false concerning inverted papilloma of the bladder?
It is an endophytic tumor of the transitional urothelium
harbors p53 gene mutations
presents with hematuria, dysuria, and irritative voiding
the lesion requires transurethral resection
What is the percentage of occurrence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in symptomatic lower UTIs in young sexually active females?
5%
10%
15%
20%
What is true concerning HIV infection?
HIV is a retrovirus that infects B-cells and dendritic cells
circumcised men are at lower risk for HIV infection
HPV infection increases the risk for cancers in HIV patients by 6.3 times
plasma HIV RNA load is a predictor of disease remission