A. a stone is fragmented when the force of the shockwaves overcomes the tensile strength of the stone

B. fragmentation occurs as a result of compressive and tensile forces, erosion, shearing, spalling, and cavitation

C. the generation of compressive and tensile forces and cavitation are thought to be the most important

D. all of the above

A. the commonest to form staghorn giant calculi

B. formed by urease producing bacteria

C. antibiotics have a role in the treatment

D. form at the two extremes of urinary pH range

A. placing the patient in anti-Trendelenburg position

B. making the puncture under local anesthesia

C. injection Co2 gas to create a safety space under the diaphragm before puncturing

D. making the puncture during full expiration

A. 1000 - 1300 HU density

B. 5 - 10 mm diameter

C. lower calyx location

D. mid ureteral location

A. ciprofloxacin

B. indinavir

C. thiazides

D. triamterene

A. urate

B. triple phosphate

C. oxalate monohydrate

D. matrix

A. increase urinary calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion

B. decrease urinary calcium; but increase oxalate, and uric acid excretion

C. increased urinary calcium and uric acid; but decrease oxalate excretion

D. decreased urinary calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion

A. stone size of ≤ 4 mm

B. stone burden of ≥ 22 mm

C. there is a distal partial obstruction

D. the patient has end-stage renal failure

A. aminoglycosides

B. macrolides

C. cephalosporins

D. fluoroquinolones

A. by ensuring optimal coupling of the patient to the lithotripter

B. by running the treatment at a slower rate (60 shocks/min)

C. by running the treatment with general anesthesia

D. by all of the above

A. furosemide

B. tamsulosin

C. nifedipine

D. diclofenac

A. hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia

B. hypercalciuria and hypercitraturia

C. hypocalciuria and hypocitraturia

D. hypocalciuria and hypercitraturia

A. can be introduced from the bladder or kidney or any part of the ureter`s course

B. the standard adult size is 32 cm long, 4 mm calibre

C. might result in encrustations and ureteral obstruction

D. might result in ureteral dilation

A. when stones are multiple and/or recurrent

B. when stones form in childhood

C. in cases where nephrocalcinosis and urolithiasis are present

D. all of the above

A. chemical analysis of a recovered stone

B. hypercalcemia

C. CT finding

D. high breakability on ESWL

A. localization of stones in the ureter is difficult or impossible

B. inability to visualize stones breaking down in real time

C. c. patient`s position on ESWL table is uncomfortable

D. d. inability to visualize radiolucent stones

A. stone size

B. unrelieved obstruction

C. infection and septicemia

D. recurrent stone formation

A. can be forgotten in place

B. vesico-renal reflux

C. calyceal perforation

D. detrusor irritability and/or hematuria

A. a stone is fragmented when the force of the shockwaves overcomes the tensile strength of the stone

B. fragmentation occurs as a result of compressive and tensile forces, erosion, shearing, spalling, and cavitation

C. the generation of compressive and tensile forces and cavitation are thought to be the most important

D. all of the above

A. they are metabolic stones that form at high urinary pH

B. they score 800 1000 HU on CT

C. only 25% of affected patients have Gout disease

D. affected patients must stop eating animal protein

A. commoner in females than in males

B. in pediatrics, are of calcium oxalate and/or ammonium urate composition

C. caused by bladder outlet obstruction

D. might result in bladder cancer

A. patients should be given large amounts of fluids to hasten stones passage

B. fluids are given to keep the patient well hydrated

C. the recommended regimen is 2 L of ringer lactate over 2 hours

D. fluids are contraindicated if desmopressin (DDAVP) was given

A. α-Mercaptopropionylglycine

B. acetohydroxamic acid

C. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

D. xanthine oxidase inhibitors

A. classical nucleation theory

B. heterogeneous nucleation

C. suspension solution

D. concentric lamination

A. 3 6 %

B. 12 15 %

C. 0.4 0.8 %

D. 0.09 0.14 %

A. it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate

B. magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption

C. diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy

D. potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels

A. by lowering urinary saturation of Ca.oxalate

B. by preventing heterogeneous nucleation of Ca.oxalate

C. by inhibiting spontaneous precipitation and agglomeration of Ca.oxalate

D. by all of the above

A. best treated by total parathyroidectomy

B. first-time stone formers are at a 50% risk for recurrence

C. males have higher recurrence rate than females

D. stone formers produce stones of the same type every time

A. active UTI is an absolute contraindication

B. fluoroquinolone is the first choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis

C. withholding aspirin for only 10 days is enough

D. despite sterile urine, stone fragmentation might release hidden bacterial endotoxins and viable bacteria

A. cysteine

B. urate

C. calcium

D. none of the above

A. wet chemical analysis

B. thermogravimetry

C. scanning electron microscopy

D. none of the above