anterior lower pole calyx
posterior lower pole calyx
anterior upper pole calyx
posterior upper pole calyx
B. posterior lower pole calyx
increase urinary calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion
decrease urinary calcium; but increase oxalate, and uric acid excretion
increased urinary calcium and uric acid; but decrease oxalate excretion
decreased urinary calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion
short and wide infundibulum
large lower-pole infundibulo-pelvic angle
the adjunct usage of PCNL
all of the above
a stone is fragmented when the force of the shockwaves overcomes the tensile strength of the stone
fragmentation occurs as a result of compressive and tensile forces, erosion, shearing, spalling, and cavitation
the generation of compressive and tensile forces and cavitation are thought to be the most important
all of the above
active UTI is an absolute contraindication
fluoroquinolone is the first choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis
withholding aspirin for only 10 days is enough
despite sterile urine, stone fragmentation might release hidden bacterial endotoxins and viable bacteria
hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypercalciuria and hypercitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypercitraturia
by performing intra-operative ultrasonography
by performing radial nephrotomies
by performing adjunct PCLN
by taking a scout KUB film
indinavir
magnesium ammonium phosphate
xanthine
matrix
high citrate, high oxalate
low citrate, low oxalate
high citrate, low oxalate
low citrate, high oxalate
stone size
unrelieved obstruction
infection and septicemia
recurrent stone formation
ESWL
PCNL
radial nephrolithotomy
pyelolithotomy with ureteral stenting
left ureterocele
bifid right renal pelvis
neurogenic bladder
bilateral UPJ stenosis
3 6 %
12 15 %
0.4 0.8 %
0.09 0.14 %
commoner in females than in males
in pediatrics, are of calcium oxalate and/or ammonium urate composition
caused by bladder outlet obstruction
might result in bladder cancer
cysteine
urate
calcium
none of the above
localization of stones in the ureter is difficult or impossible
inability to visualize stones breaking down in real time
c. patient`s position on ESWL table is uncomfortable
d. inability to visualize radiolucent stones
oral potassium sodium hydrogen citrate granules
increase hydration
allopurinol
all of the above
they are metabolic stones that form at high urinary pH
they score 800 1000 HU on CT
only 25% of affected patients have Gout disease
affected patients must stop eating animal protein
cystine
brushite
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
ESWL
PCNL with fulguration of the diverticulum
ureteroscopy with fulguration of the diverticulum
pyelolithotomy with diverticulectomy
renal stones are found in 20% of patients with primary HPT
acidic arrest promotes crystallisation of calcium phosphate stones related to HPT
HPT, vitamin D excess, and malignancy could lead to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria
only surgery can cure primary HPT
upper, lower, mid
lower, upper, mid
mid, upper, lower
mid, lower, upper
physiological saline 0.9%
glycine 1.5%
balanced salt solution
distilled water
can be forgotten in place
vesico-renal reflux
calyceal perforation
detrusor irritability and/or hematuria
because urine and body secretions are highly concentrated
due to renal leak hypercalciuria
as a result of distal renal tubular acidosis type I
because of reduced or absent of oxalobacter formigenes colonization
size of 5 mm
location at the lower calyx
density of 400 HU
being recurrent
fungal ball
radiolucent stone
urothelial growth
upper end of DJ ureteral stent
the surface area of the stones
the volume of the stones
the density of the stones
the number of the stones
frequently caused by loop diuretics
stones are often radiolucent
may be reversed by the use of thiazides
low calcium-to-creatinine ratio predicts stones resolution
dissolves cystine stones
enhances nephrocalcinosis process over old scared areas
inhibits Ca.oxalate aggregation and crystallization
plays a secondary role in metastatic calcification process
composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
the vast majority are asymptomatic
most of the calculi are found in the transitional zone
they dont affect PSA levels