What is false concerning prostatic stones?
composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
the vast majority are asymptomatic
most of the calculi are found in the transitional zone
they dont affect PSA levels
Correct Answer :
C. most of the calculi are found in the transitional zone
The majority of stones are found in the posterior and posterolateral zones of the prostate.
Related Questions
What is the most common organism that might complicate PCNL?
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
What is the least likely condition to form bladder stones?
spinal cord injury
senile enlargement of prostate
augmented bladder
neurogenic hyper-reflexive bladder
What could high level of sulfate in 24-hr. urine collection mean?
dissolving homogenous nucleation
high tendency to form cystine sulfate stones
indicates the amount of dietary protein
post ESWL therapy
What is false concerning urethral stones?
stones at posterior urethra could be pushed back to the bladder
stones at anterior urethra have to undergo a trial of milking out, using copious intra-urethral xylocaine gel
often respond to a two-week course of tamsulosin
respond to Holmium laser treatment
Which of the following factors, positively, affect lower calyceal stone clearance after ESWL?
short and wide infundibulum
large lower-pole infundibulo-pelvic angle
the adjunct usage of PCNL
all of the above
What is false concerning patient`s preparation for PCNL?
active UTI is an absolute contraindication
fluoroquinolone is the first choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis
withholding aspirin for only 10 days is enough
despite sterile urine, stone fragmentation might release hidden bacterial endotoxins and viable bacteria
What medication(s) could be helpful in the management of cystinuria?
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
d-Penicillamine
a & b
none of the above
What is false regarding hypomagnesuric calcium nephrolithiasis?
it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate
magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption
diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy
potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels
What is the principal defect in renal hypercalciuria?
impaired renal tubular calcium reabsorption
excessive glomerular leak of calcium
deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase
hypercalcemia
Which method of the following stone analysis techniques is based on the interaction of polarized light with the stone crystals?
wet chemical analysis
thermogravimetry
scanning electron microscopy
none of the above
What is the favorable stone characteristic for ESWL treatment?
1000 - 1300 HU density
5 - 10 mm diameter
lower calyx location
mid ureteral location
What is the most common composition of ureteral stones?
Ca.phosphate
Ca.oxalate
Na.urate
struvite
ESWL in pediatric patients is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:
often need sedation or anesthesia
vesico-ureteral reflux must be excluded
pediatrics have a higher clearance rate of stones when compared to adults
safety measures must be taken to avoid lung contusions
What is the treatment of choice for a 15 mm stone in the lower calyx with a narrow infundibulum?
ESWL
PCNL
radial nephrolithotomy
pyelolithotomy with ureteral stenting
Invasive intervention in stone patients is NOT indicated in the following condition:
stone size
unrelieved obstruction
infection and septicemia
recurrent stone formation
What parameter impairs the kidney stone-free rate, after ESWL?
short skin-to-stone distance (SSD)
end-stage renal failure
a stone in the upper calyx
the presence of a 30 cm, 4.7 Fr ureteral stent in situ
What is false concerning preputial stones?
form due to inspissated smegma
form due to stasis of urinary salts
cause inguinal lymphadenopathy
often associated with phimosis in uncircumcised males
What statement is false concerning the use of desmopressin (DDAVP) in renal colic patients?
it causes reduction in the mean intra-ureteral pressure
it reduces the pain of acute renal colic
it has a direct relaxing effect on the renal pelvis and ureteral musculature
it is indicated when stones are ≤ 4 mm in diameter
What is the first-line treatment of kidney stones of a burden greater than 2 cm?
ESWL
URS
PCNL
none of the above
What is (are) the indication(s) of hospitalization of ureteral stone patients?
steinstrasse
a stone in ureterocele
fever, leucocytosis, pain
brushite stones
When urine reaches a high tendency to form stones, the situation is called:
lithogenic anion to cation ratio
Randall cut off
saturation index
solubility product
What is false concerning recurrent stone formation?
best treated by total parathyroidectomy
first-time stone formers are at a 50% risk for recurrence
males have higher recurrence rate than females
stone formers produce stones of the same type every time
What does NOT appear as a filling defect in the renal pelvis on IVU?
fungal ball
radiolucent stone
urothelial growth
upper end of DJ ureteral stent
What stone is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait?
xanthine
ammonium urate
cystine
calcium oxalate dihydrate
What is the most important parameter that determines the treatment modality of a kidney stone?
stone chemical composition
stone burden
first stone vs. recurrent
stone density
What is false concerning PCNL in horseshoe kidneys?
the preferred access into the collecting system is through a posterior calyx
the posterior calyceal group is typically more medial than in the normal kidney
in most cases the lower pole calyces are posterior
it is desirable to make an upper pole collecting system puncture
What is the most appropriate antibiotic class for prophylaxis before urologic surgery?
aminoglycosides
macrolides
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
Two weeks of prolonged wound drainage after a non-stented Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty. What would be next step in the management?
watchful waiting
open surgical correction
IVU with possible endoscopic ureteral stenting
perc. nephrostomy tube insertion
Which of the following bacteria split urea?
Klebsiella pneumonia
Morganella morganii
Proteus mirabilis
all of the above
What metabolic disturbances could result from renal tubular acidosis type I?
hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypercalciuria and hypercitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypercitraturia