What kind of stones is most amenable to ESWL?
cystine
brushite
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
Correct Answer :
D. Ca.oxalate dihydrate
the sequence of stone breakability from most resistant to most amenable to ESWL therapy is: cystine and brushite, calcium oxalate monohydrate, hydroxyapatite, struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate, uric acid stones.
Related Questions
What is the fatality risk if a triple-phosphate staghorn stone left untreated?
0 10%
10 20%
20 30%
30 40%
What is false concerning recurrent stone formation?
best treated by total parathyroidectomy
first-time stone formers are at a 50% risk for recurrence
males have higher recurrence rate than females
stone formers produce stones of the same type every time
What type of shockwaves is generated by spark-gap technology?
piezoelectric
electrohydraulic
electromagnetic
microexplosive
Two weeks of prolonged wound drainage after a non-stented Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty. What would be next step in the management?
watchful waiting
open surgical correction
IVU with possible endoscopic ureteral stenting
perc. nephrostomy tube insertion
What is true concerning primary hyperparathyroidism and stone formation?
orthophosphates may have a role in the treatment
hyperparathyroidectomy and levothyroxine replacement is the optimum treatment
management includes Calcium chelating agent and repeat 24hr urine collection in 3 months
surgical excision of the adenoma(s) is the treatment of choice
What is the first-line treatment of kidney stones of a burden greater than 2 cm?
ESWL
URS
PCNL
none of the above
Which of the following bacteria split urea?
Klebsiella pneumonia
Morganella morganii
Proteus mirabilis
all of the above
What is false concerning staghorn calculus?
commonly unilateral
commonly due to repeated infections
urate stones are the second most common cause of staghorn calculi
ESWL monotherapy with ureteral stenting is the ideal treatment
When should renal stone patients be evaluated for metabolic diseases?
when stones are multiple and/or recurrent
when stones form in childhood
in cases where nephrocalcinosis and urolithiasis are present
all of the above
What risk factor(s) promote(s) stone formation?
dehydration
metabolic disorders
congenital anomalies
all of the above
What is false concerning cystine stones?
have diagnostic hexagonal crystals
dont respond to ESWL therapy
are highly soluble in water
inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion
What is the Hounsfield density range of uric acid stones?
400 600 HU
600 800 HU
800 1000 HU
1000 1200 HU
Why do patients with cystic fibrosis form stones?
because urine and body secretions are highly concentrated
due to renal leak hypercalciuria
as a result of distal renal tubular acidosis type I
because of reduced or absent of oxalobacter formigenes colonization
What is the most favorable stone characteristics for laparoscopic and robotic approaches for the treatment of a kidney stone?
a stone in the lower calyx with a wide mouth of infundibulum and obtuse lower calyx to ureter angle
a stone in an anterior group calyceal diverticulum with thin overlying renal parenchyma
5 mm calcium-containing stone in an intrarenal pelvis and wide UPJ
6 years post anatrophic nephrolithotomy, recurrent mid calyceal stone
The process where nucleation and further precipitations occur by different components to form urinary stones, is called:
classical nucleation theory
heterogeneous nucleation
suspension solution
concentric lamination
What medication could help in managing carbonate apatite stones?
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
acetohydroxamic acid
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
xanthine oxidase inhibitors
What is (are) the indication(s) of ureteral stenting before ESWL?
stones in a solitary kidney
ureteral stones causing bilateral obstructions
a kidney stone of ≥ 2.5 cm in size
all of the above
What is the preferred drug for medical expulsive therapy for lower ureteral stones?
furosemide
tamsulosin
nifedipine
diclofenac
What sequence of ureteral parts represents the most to least favorable stone response to ESWL treatment?
upper, lower, mid
lower, upper, mid
mid, upper, lower
mid, lower, upper
What medication(s) could be helpful in the management of cystinuria?
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
d-Penicillamine
a & b
none of the above
What is false concerning struvite stones?
the commonest to form staghorn giant calculi
formed by urease producing bacteria
antibiotics have a role in the treatment
form at the two extremes of urinary pH range
Patients having what kind of stones should refrain from eating purines?
cysteine
urate
calcium
none of the above
What is false concerning preputial stones?
form due to inspissated smegma
form due to stasis of urinary salts
cause inguinal lymphadenopathy
often associated with phimosis in uncircumcised males
What is the most common organism that might complicate PCNL?
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
What is the immediate management of ureteral avulsion on retrieving an upper ureteral stone by a basket?
placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy drain
surgical exploration and primary repair
conservative management
endoscopic retrograde ureteral stenting
What type of stones is soft, resilient, composed of mucoproteins of urine and serum?
matrix
indinavir
brushite
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
How is primary oxaluria treated?
terminal ilium resection
liver transplantation
kidney transplantation
regular hemodialysis
What kind of stones is more likely to recur with infections if not removed completely?
urate
triple phosphate
oxalate monohydrate
matrix
How can the effectiveness of ESWL treatment session be enhanced?
by ensuring optimal coupling of the patient to the lithotripter
by running the treatment at a slower rate (60 shocks/min)
by running the treatment with general anesthesia
by all of the above
For how long a completely obstructed ureter could be respited with no expected permanent damage to renal functions?
2 days
2 weeks
2 months
4 6 hrs.