What does the treatment of hyperuricemia with urate stones include?
oral potassium sodium hydrogen citrate granules
increase hydration
allopurinol
all of the above
Correct Answer :
D. all of the above
self-explanatory.
Related Questions
What type of stones do laxative abusers might develop?
ammonium urate
sodium urate
calcium oxalate
calcium phosphate
What is true regarding DJ ureteral stents?
can be placed through perc. nephrostomy
might slip out, especially in females
usually radiopaque
all of the above
What statement is false concerning the use of desmopressin (DDAVP) in renal colic patients?
it causes reduction in the mean intra-ureteral pressure
it reduces the pain of acute renal colic
it has a direct relaxing effect on the renal pelvis and ureteral musculature
it is indicated when stones are ≤ 4 mm in diameter
On treating uric acid stones, excessive alkalinization with potassium citrate could result in all of the following, EXCEPT:
formation of triple-phosphate stones
infection with Proteus species
increase production of endogenous uric acid
increase level of uric acid in THE blood
What is the least likely condition to form bladder stones?
spinal cord injury
senile enlargement of prostate
augmented bladder
neurogenic hyper-reflexive bladder
During pyelolithotomy for removing a staghorn urate stone; how to ensure a complete removal of calyceal branches?
by performing intra-operative ultrasonography
by performing radial nephrotomies
by performing adjunct PCLN
by taking a scout KUB film
Worldwide, the commonest type of urinary stones is:
calcium monohydrate
calcium oxalate
ammonium urate
none of the above
What is the most appropriate antibiotic class for prophylaxis before urologic surgery?
aminoglycosides
macrolides
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
Patients having what kind of stones should refrain from eating purines?
cysteine
urate
calcium
none of the above
In what kind of renal stones do antibiotics help most?
indinavir
magnesium ammonium phosphate
xanthine
matrix
What is the principal defect in renal hypercalciuria?
impaired renal tubular calcium reabsorption
excessive glomerular leak of calcium
deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase
hypercalcemia
Invasive intervention in stone patients is NOT indicated in the following condition:
stone size
unrelieved obstruction
infection and septicemia
recurrent stone formation
What kind of stones is most amenable to ESWL?
cystine
brushite
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
What is the Hounsfield density range of uric acid stones?
400 600 HU
600 800 HU
800 1000 HU
1000 1200 HU
What is false concerning obesity and urinary stone formation?
obese patients have a higher tendency for uric acid stone formation
high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet might increase the risk of stone formation and bone loss
metabolic syndrome is associated with high urinary pH
Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass surgery may increase the risk for stone formation
What is true regarding prostatic stones?
they are multiple and small in size
usually, they are voided spontaneously
they, rarely, form large stones within the peripheral zone
contrast CT is the conventional method for diagnosis
What could carry the least risk of colon injury during PCNL?
subcostal puncture performed during full expiration
previous open nephrolithotomy
access lateral to the posterior axillary line
horseshoe kidney
What is the most favorable stone characteristic for PCNL treatment?
≥ 2 cm diameter
upper calyx location
Na.urate composition
600 - 800 HU density
What is the first-line treatment of kidney stones of a burden greater than 2 cm?
ESWL
URS
PCNL
none of the above
What does NOT appear as a filling defect in the renal pelvis on IVU?
fungal ball
radiolucent stone
urothelial growth
upper end of DJ ureteral stent
What stone is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait?
xanthine
ammonium urate
cystine
calcium oxalate dihydrate
What is false concerning recurrent stone formation?
best treated by total parathyroidectomy
first-time stone formers are at a 50% risk for recurrence
males have higher recurrence rate than females
stone formers produce stones of the same type every time
What is the most common organism that might complicate PCNL?
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Which patient is at lowest risk for the development of perinephric hematoma after ESWL?
hypertensive patient
patient on aspirin withheld 5 days prior to ESWL
a stone in a scared poorly functioning kidney
ESWL every other day
What congenital anomaly is unlikely to result in stone formation?
left ureterocele
bifid right renal pelvis
neurogenic bladder
bilateral UPJ stenosis
How does oral Mg.citrate inhibit Ca.oxalate stone formation?
by lowering urinary saturation of Ca.oxalate
by preventing heterogeneous nucleation of Ca.oxalate
by inhibiting spontaneous precipitation and agglomeration of Ca.oxalate
by all of the above
What is the fatality risk if a triple-phosphate staghorn stone left untreated?
0 10%
10 20%
20 30%
30 40%
What is false concerning cystine stones?
have diagnostic hexagonal crystals
dont respond to ESWL therapy
are highly soluble in water
inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion
What is the most important parameter that determines the treatment modality of a kidney stone?
stone chemical composition
stone burden
first stone vs. recurrent
stone density
What is false concerning PCNL in horseshoe kidneys?
the preferred access into the collecting system is through a posterior calyx
the posterior calyceal group is typically more medial than in the normal kidney
in most cases the lower pole calyces are posterior
it is desirable to make an upper pole collecting system puncture