HIV is a retrovirus that infects B-cells and dendritic cells
circumcised men are at lower risk for HIV infection
HPV infection increases the risk for cancers in HIV patients by 6.3 times
plasma HIV RNA load is a predictor of disease remission
B. circumcised men are at lower risk for HIV infection
the cytological examination of the urine and/or EPS
transrectal ultrasonographic examination
the presence of ≥10 WBCs/HPF in the urine with negative culture in type III-b
the positive urine culture, and negative EPS support type III-a
produces yellow whitish, scanty, frothy urethral discharge
shows gram (+), extracellular diplococcic
infection could be contracted from the spouses eyes
responds fairly to azithromycin
rarely, the urothelial cell nests show a central lumen lined by glandular epithelium
In some cases, it may form polypoid masses that mimic urothelial neoplasms
It might appear as multinodular exophytic mass seen on cystoscopy
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis frequently coexist in the same specimen
might rupture into the collecting system causing (hydatiduria)and renal colic
are formed by the eggs of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus
most cysts are asymptomatic but might manifest as flank mass, dull pain, or hematuria
the most reliable diagnostic test uses partially purified hydatid arc 5 antigens in a double-diffusion test
kidneys and adrenals
bladder and ureters
prostate and vasa
testes and epididymi
is always asymptomatic
it shows a serological immune antibody response
is a common cause of sterile pyuria
typically, at this stage, the body demonstrates bacteriuria
beading of the lower ureteral segment
ureteral fibrosis and calcifications of the distal ureter
stricture at the uretero-vesical junction
all of the above
intra-prostatic ductal reflux
paraphimosis
specific blood groups
unprotected anal intercourse
drug resistance
non-compliance
the presence of persistent pathology
all of the above
nucleic acid amplification tests are the preferred to diagnose Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections
shows dark yellow, purulent, thick urethral discharge
the most common site of the infection is the endocervix
the incubation period is 2 3 weeks
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
perivesical abscess with fistula to bladder
acute tubular necrosis
renal papillary necrosis
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
kidneys, prostate and epididymi
bladder, ureters and renal pelvis
vasa, scrotum and adrenals
testes, bladder neck and seminal vesicles
kidneys
bladder
prostate
epididymis
is most commonly associated with Proteus or E. coli infection
is characterized by lipid-laden foamy macrophages
the overall prognosis is poor
it might involve adjacent structures or organs
is best diagnosed by ascending urethrography
occurs mostly in diabetic and immunosuppressed patients
could be due to maceration injury, irritant dermatitis, or Candida
commonly presents with deep inguinal lymphadenopathy
nephrotic syndrome
hypertension
sickle cell hemoglobinopathy
sarcoidosis
it is a constant or intermittent pain of testes for more than 3 months
could be due to appendix testis torsion-detorsion
could be due to radiculitis resulting from a degenerative lesion in the thoraco-lumber vertebrae
could be a result of entrapment neuropathy of ilioinguinal or genitofemoral nerve
fever and chills
suprapubic pain and pyuria
flank pain and tenderness
none of the above
chronic pyelonephritis and HTN lead to ESRD in 10% of the cases
neonatal symptoms of UTI are vague and non-specific, that delay the diagnosis and end in more scarring
despite adequate treatment, scarring continues after an attack of pyelonephritis as a chronic immune reaction against renal tubules
neonates have low intrarenal pelvic pressure, that predisposes to ascending infections
most cysts appear as filling defects on cystography
most often found in the trigone area
the cyst lumens contain esinophilic secretions that may have a few inflammatory cells
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis are reactive urothelial changes
CBC reveals leucocytosis with predominance of neutrophils
contrast CT reveals one or more focal wedge-like swollen regions of the kidney parenchyma, sparing the cortex, and demonstrating reduced enhancement rim sign
in children, recurrent acute pyelonephritis might lead to renal scarring
in pregnancy, recurrent acute pyelonephritis might lead to preterm labor
testicular
renal
penile
all of the above
improperly drained hair follicle scrotal abscess
syphilitic orchitis
tuberculous epididymitis
all of the above
manifested as a sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, edema, hypertension, and RBC casts in the urine
post-streptococcus GN has an incubation period of 1-3 weeks with specific strains of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
the triad of sinusitis, pulmonary infiltrates, and nephritis, suggests Wegener granulomatosis
C3, C4, ESR and antistreptolysin O titer are increased
results from ectopic nephrogenic blastema cells in the detrusor muscle
might undergo malignant transformation in 15 40% of the cases
on cystoscopy, it appears as a bladder mucosal irregularity or large intramural mass
the preferred treatment is cystectomy and urinary diversion
phagocytes
CD4 T cells
B lymphocytes
natural killer cells
substitution cystoplasty and continent diversion
fulguration of a Hunner`s ulcer or hydrodistention
intravesical installation of silver nitrate or dimethyl sulfoxide
low dose external beam irradiation
clinically, cannot be differentiated from acute bacterial prostatitis
medical management is often unsuccessful
it harbors prostate cancer in approximately 4.3% of cases
management include suprapubic urinary diversion
rifampicin
doxycycline
azithromycin
none of the above