terminal ilium resection
liver transplantation
kidney transplantation
regular hemodialysis
B. liver transplantation
2,8 dihydroxyadenine stones
sulfa medications-induced stones
calcium oxalate stones
matrix stones
right hemicolectomy
small bowel resection
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
b & c
renal insufficiency
active urinary tract infection
uncorrected bleeding disorder
third trimester pregnancy
400 600 HU
600 800 HU
800 1000 HU
1000 1200 HU
can be forgotten in place
vesico-renal reflux
calyceal perforation
detrusor irritability and/or hematuria
dissolves cystine stones
enhances nephrocalcinosis process over old scared areas
inhibits Ca.oxalate aggregation and crystallization
plays a secondary role in metastatic calcification process
the surface area of the stones
the volume of the stones
the density of the stones
the number of the stones
stones at posterior urethra could be pushed back to the bladder
stones at anterior urethra have to undergo a trial of milking out, using copious intra-urethral xylocaine gel
often respond to a two-week course of tamsulosin
respond to Holmium laser treatment
size of 5 mm
location at the lower calyx
density of 400 HU
being recurrent
commoner in females than in males
in pediatrics, are of calcium oxalate and/or ammonium urate composition
caused by bladder outlet obstruction
might result in bladder cancer
watchful waiting
open surgical correction
IVU with possible endoscopic ureteral stenting
perc. nephrostomy tube insertion
2 days
2 weeks
2 months
4 6 hrs.
form due to inspissated smegma
form due to stasis of urinary salts
cause inguinal lymphadenopathy
often associated with phimosis in uncircumcised males
it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate
magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption
diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy
potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels
fungal ball
radiolucent stone
urothelial growth
upper end of DJ ureteral stent
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
cystine
matrix
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
patients should be given large amounts of fluids to hasten stones passage
fluids are given to keep the patient well hydrated
the recommended regimen is 2 L of ringer lactate over 2 hours
fluids are contraindicated if desmopressin (DDAVP) was given
Ca.phosphate
Ca.oxalate
Na.urate
struvite
short skin-to-stone distance (SSD)
end-stage renal failure
a stone in the upper calyx
the presence of a 30 cm, 4.7 Fr ureteral stent in situ
a stone is fragmented when the force of the shockwaves overcomes the tensile strength of the stone
fragmentation occurs as a result of compressive and tensile forces, erosion, shearing, spalling, and cavitation
the generation of compressive and tensile forces and cavitation are thought to be the most important
all of the above
subcostal puncture performed during full expiration
previous open nephrolithotomy
access lateral to the posterior axillary line
horseshoe kidney
by lowering urinary saturation of Ca.oxalate
by preventing heterogeneous nucleation of Ca.oxalate
by inhibiting spontaneous precipitation and agglomeration of Ca.oxalate
by all of the above
because urine and body secretions are highly concentrated
due to renal leak hypercalciuria
as a result of distal renal tubular acidosis type I
because of reduced or absent of oxalobacter formigenes colonization
3 6 %
12 15 %
0.4 0.8 %
0.09 0.14 %
placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy drain
surgical exploration and primary repair
conservative management
endoscopic retrograde ureteral stenting
commonly occur in patients with senile prostatic enlargement
common in children exposed to low-protein, low-phosphate diet
rarely recur after treatment
respond to ESWL
should be treated with more analgesics
must undergo metabolic worked out
are unlikely to pass out spontaneously
chemolysis should be tried first
transitional epithelium lining minor calyces
transitional epithelium lining major calyces
basement membrane of the loops of Henle
papillary tips of polar pyramids
oral potassium sodium hydrogen citrate granules
increase hydration
allopurinol
all of the above
they are mandatory when urine shows ≥ 10 WBCs/hpf in symptomatic patients
they aim at treating pyonephrosis and urosepsis
they should cover Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella species
All of the above