What type of stones do laxative abusers might develop?
ammonium urate
sodium urate
calcium oxalate
calcium phosphate
Correct Answer :
A. ammonium urate
self-explanatory.
Related Questions
Patients having what kind of stones should refrain from eating purines?
cysteine
urate
calcium
none of the above
A 24-hr urine collection of a recurrent Ca. oxalate stone former patient having Crohn`s disease might reveal:
high citrate, high oxalate
low citrate, low oxalate
high citrate, low oxalate
low citrate, high oxalate
What does NOT appear as a filling defect in the renal pelvis on IVU?
fungal ball
radiolucent stone
urothelial growth
upper end of DJ ureteral stent
What statement is false concerning the use of desmopressin (DDAVP) in renal colic patients?
it causes reduction in the mean intra-ureteral pressure
it reduces the pain of acute renal colic
it has a direct relaxing effect on the renal pelvis and ureteral musculature
it is indicated when stones are ≤ 4 mm in diameter
Which of the following factors, positively, affect lower calyceal stone clearance after ESWL?
short and wide infundibulum
large lower-pole infundibulo-pelvic angle
the adjunct usage of PCNL
all of the above
What is false concerning patient`s preparation for PCNL?
active UTI is an absolute contraindication
fluoroquinolone is the first choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis
withholding aspirin for only 10 days is enough
despite sterile urine, stone fragmentation might release hidden bacterial endotoxins and viable bacteria
What is the most common organism that might complicate PCNL?
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
What is false concerning the use of antibiotics in stone patients?
they are mandatory when urine shows ≥ 10 WBCs/hpf in symptomatic patients
they aim at treating pyonephrosis and urosepsis
they should cover Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella species
All of the above
What bowel surgery could result in enteric hyperoxaluria?
right hemicolectomy
small bowel resection
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
b & c
What medication could help in managing carbonate apatite stones?
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
acetohydroxamic acid
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
xanthine oxidase inhibitors
What kind of stones is more likely to recur with infections if not removed completely?
urate
triple phosphate
oxalate monohydrate
matrix
What stone is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait?
xanthine
ammonium urate
cystine
calcium oxalate dihydrate
What is false regarding hypomagnesuric calcium nephrolithiasis?
it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate
magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption
diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy
potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels
How is primary oxaluria treated?
terminal ilium resection
liver transplantation
kidney transplantation
regular hemodialysis
Which event is unlikely to occur after placing a DJ ureteral stent?
can be forgotten in place
vesico-renal reflux
calyceal perforation
detrusor irritability and/or hematuria
What is false concerning prostatic stones?
composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
the vast majority are asymptomatic
most of the calculi are found in the transitional zone
they dont affect PSA levels
Which method of the following stone analysis techniques is based on the interaction of polarized light with the stone crystals?
wet chemical analysis
thermogravimetry
scanning electron microscopy
none of the above
What is the immediate management of ureteral avulsion on retrieving an upper ureteral stone by a basket?
placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy drain
surgical exploration and primary repair
conservative management
endoscopic retrograde ureteral stenting
What sequence of ureteral parts represents the most to least favorable stone response to ESWL treatment?
upper, lower, mid
lower, upper, mid
mid, upper, lower
mid, lower, upper
What type of shockwaves is generated by spark-gap technology?
piezoelectric
electrohydraulic
electromagnetic
microexplosive
What situation carries lower risk for lung injury during supracostal upper pole access for PCNL?
placing the patient in anti-Trendelenburg position
making the puncture under local anesthesia
injection Co2 gas to create a safety space under the diaphragm before puncturing
making the puncture during full expiration
What could carry the least risk of colon injury during PCNL?
subcostal puncture performed during full expiration
previous open nephrolithotomy
access lateral to the posterior axillary line
horseshoe kidney
What type of urinary diversion carries the highest risk of stone formation?
Kock pouch
Neobladder-to-urethra diversion
Florida pouch
Indiana pouch
What is false concerning staghorn calculus?
commonly unilateral
commonly due to repeated infections
urate stones are the second most common cause of staghorn calculi
ESWL monotherapy with ureteral stenting is the ideal treatment
What is the composition of brushite stones?
calcium phosphate
calcium oxalate monohydrate
sodium urate
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
What type of stones is most effectively treated with PCNL?
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
cystine
matrix
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
What medications do NOT cause renal stones?
ciprofloxacin
indinavir
thiazides
triamterene
What parameter is NOT considered in the stone burden concept?
the surface area of the stones
the volume of the stones
the density of the stones
the number of the stones
What does the treatment of hyperuricemia with urate stones include?
oral potassium sodium hydrogen citrate granules
increase hydration
allopurinol
all of the above
What is the principal defect in renal hypercalciuria?
impaired renal tubular calcium reabsorption
excessive glomerular leak of calcium
deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase
hypercalcemia