they are mandatory when urine shows ≥ 10 WBCs/hpf in symptomatic patients
they aim at treating pyonephrosis and urosepsis
they should cover Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella species
All of the above
D. All of the above
uncontrollable bleeding
incomplete removal of stones
pneumothorax
colonic perforation
stones in a solitary kidney
ureteral stones causing bilateral obstructions
a kidney stone of ≥ 2.5 cm in size
all of the above
it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate
magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption
diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy
potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels
patients should be given large amounts of fluids to hasten stones passage
fluids are given to keep the patient well hydrated
the recommended regimen is 2 L of ringer lactate over 2 hours
fluids are contraindicated if desmopressin (DDAVP) was given
obese patients have a higher tendency for uric acid stone formation
high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet might increase the risk of stone formation and bone loss
metabolic syndrome is associated with high urinary pH
Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass surgery may increase the risk for stone formation
stone size
unrelieved obstruction
infection and septicemia
recurrent stone formation
indinavir
magnesium ammonium phosphate
xanthine
matrix
increase urinary calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion
decrease urinary calcium; but increase oxalate, and uric acid excretion
increased urinary calcium and uric acid; but decrease oxalate excretion
decreased urinary calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion
dehydration
metabolic disorders
congenital anomalies
all of the above
can be forgotten in place
vesico-renal reflux
calyceal perforation
detrusor irritability and/or hematuria
placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy drain
surgical exploration and primary repair
conservative management
endoscopic retrograde ureteral stenting
they are multiple and small in size
usually, they are voided spontaneously
they, rarely, form large stones within the peripheral zone
contrast CT is the conventional method for diagnosis
anterior lower pole calyx
posterior lower pole calyx
anterior upper pole calyx
posterior upper pole calyx
classical nucleation theory
heterogeneous nucleation
suspension solution
concentric lamination
subcostal puncture performed during full expiration
previous open nephrolithotomy
access lateral to the posterior axillary line
horseshoe kidney
composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
the vast majority are asymptomatic
most of the calculi are found in the transitional zone
they dont affect PSA levels
stones at posterior urethra could be pushed back to the bladder
stones at anterior urethra have to undergo a trial of milking out, using copious intra-urethral xylocaine gel
often respond to a two-week course of tamsulosin
respond to Holmium laser treatment
ESWL
URS
PCNL
none of the above
cystine
brushite
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
400 600 HU
600 800 HU
800 1000 HU
1000 1200 HU
cysteine
urate
calcium
none of the above
result from an inherited defect of renal tubular reabsorption of cysteine
characteristically, urate and cysteine stone are radiolucent
cysteine is a dibasic amino acid
on plain X-ray, cysteine stones exhibit ground-glass appearance
short and wide infundibulum
large lower-pole infundibulo-pelvic angle
the adjunct usage of PCNL
all of the above
aminoglycosides
macrolides
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
a stone in the lower calyx with a wide mouth of infundibulum and obtuse lower calyx to ureter angle
a stone in an anterior group calyceal diverticulum with thin overlying renal parenchyma
5 mm calcium-containing stone in an intrarenal pelvis and wide UPJ
6 years post anatrophic nephrolithotomy, recurrent mid calyceal stone
1000 - 1300 HU density
5 - 10 mm diameter
lower calyx location
mid ureteral location
stone chemical composition
stone burden
first stone vs. recurrent
stone density
should be treated with more analgesics
must undergo metabolic worked out
are unlikely to pass out spontaneously
chemolysis should be tried first
physiological saline 0.9%
glycine 1.5%
balanced salt solution
distilled water
urate
triple phosphate
oxalate monohydrate
matrix