Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
A. Improvement of casting characteristics
Stainless steel
Gun metal
German silver
Duralumin
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought iron
Steel
Machinability
Hardness
Hardness and strength
Strength and ductility
Makes the iron soft and easily machinable
Increases hardness and brittleness
Make the iron white and hard
Aids fusibility and fluidity
Steels are heated to 500 to 700°C
Cooling is done slowly and steadily
Internal stresses are relieved
All of these
Case hardening
Flame hardening
Nitriding
Any one of these
Carbon in the form of carbide
Low tensile strength
High compressive strength
All of these
Austenite
Martensite
Pearlite
Cementite
Air is burning out silicon and manganese
Silicon and manganese has burnt and carbon has started oxidising
The converter must be titled to remove the contents of the converter
The brown smoke does not occur during the operation of a Bessemer converter
87.75% Sn, 4% Cu, 8% Sb, 0.25% Bi
90% Sn, 2% Cu, 4% Sb, 2% Bi, 2% Mg
87% Sn, 4% Cu, 8% Sb, 1% Al
82% Sn, 4% Cu, 8% Sb, 3% Al, 3% Mg
Nichrome
Invar
Magnin
Elinvar
Allotropic change
Recrystallisation
Heat treatment
Precipitation
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Silicon bronze
White metal
Monel metal
Phosphor bronze
Duralumin
Brass
Copper
Silver
Silicon bronze
Aluminium bronze
Gun metal
Babbitt metal
Does not effect
Decreases
Increases
None of these
600°C
700°C
723°C
913°C
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
Mild steel
German silver
Lead
Graphite
770°C
910°C
1050°C
Below recrystallisation temperature
0.02
0.1
02
0.4
Elastic properties in all directions
Stresses induced in all directions
Thermal properties in all directions
Electric and magnetic properties in all directions
Refine the grain structure
Remove strains caused by cold working
Remove dislocations caused in the internal structure due to hot working
All of the above
Gamma iron (910° to 1400°C), Cu, Ag, Au, Al, Ni, Pb, Pt
Mg, Zn, Ti, Zr, Br, Cd
A iron (below 910°C and between 1400 to 1539°C), W
All of the above
Low carbon steel
High carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
High speed steel
Lead base alloy
Tin base alloy
Copper base alloy
Both (A) and (C) above
Hearth
Stack
Bosh
Throat
Carburising
Normalising
Annealing
Tempering
White metal
Solder admiralty
Fusible metal
Phosphor bronze