Elastic properties in all directions
Stresses induced in all directions
Thermal properties in all directions
Electric and magnetic properties in all directions
A. Elastic properties in all directions
α-iron
β-iron
γ-iron
δ-iron
Copper
Brass
Lead
Silver
Aluminium, copper etc.
Nickel, molybdenum etc.
Nickel, Copper, etc.
All of the above
Chromium
Nickel
Vanadium
Cobalt
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
35
57
710
1015
50 : 20 : 20 : 10
40 : 30 : 20 : 10
50 : 20 : 10 : 20
30 : 20 : 30 : 20
Naked eye
Optical microscope
Metallurgical microscope
X-ray techniques
There is no critical point
There is only one critical point
There are two critical points
There can be any number of critical points
0.05 %
0.15 %
0.3 %
0.5 %
Silicon
Sulphur
Manganese
Phosphorus
Body centred cubic
Face centred cubic
Hexagonal close packed
Cubic structure
Nickel
Vanadium
Cobalt
Molybdenum
Percentage of carbon
Percentage of alloying elements
Heat treatment employed
Shape of carbides and their distribution in iron
Wholly pearlite
Wholly austenite
Pearlite and ferrite
Pearlite and cementite
Room temperature
Above melting point
Between 1400°C and 1539°C
Between 910°C and 1400°C
Resilience
Creep
Fatigue strength
Toughness
Body centred cubic space lattice
Face centred cubic space lattice
Close packed hexagonal space lattice
None of these
White metal
Solder admiralty
Fusible metal
Phosphor bronze
B.C.C. crystalline structure
F.C.C. crystal structure
H.C.P. structure
A complex cubic structure
0.02 %
0.3 %
0.63 %
0.8 %
Hard
Soft
Ductile
Tough
Room temperature
Near melting point
Between 1400°C and 1539°C
Between 910°C and 1400°C
0.02
0.1
02
0.4
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Manganese
Silicon
Increase hardenability
Reduce machinability
Increase wear resistance
Increase endurance strength
Austenite
Martensite
Pearlite
Cementite
It easily machinable
It brittle
It hard
The casting unsound
600°C
723°C
1147°C
1493°C
Chromium
Nickel
Vanadium
Manganese