High tensile strength
Its elastic limit close to the ultimate breaking strength
High ductility
All of the above
B. Its elastic limit close to the ultimate breaking strength
Case hardening
Flame hardening
Nitriding
Any one of these
Blackheart cast iron
White-heart cast iron
Both (A) and (B)
None of these
Gun metal
Bronze
Bell metal
Babbitt metal
Body centred cubic space lattice
Face centred cubic space lattice
Close packed hexagonal space lattice
None of these
Below 0.5 %
Below 1 %
Above 1 %
Above 2.2 %
80% or more iron
50% or more iron
Alloying elements like chromium, tungsten nickel and copper
Elements like phosphorus, sulphur and silicon in varying quantities
Amorphous material
Mesomorphous material
Crystalline material
None of these
Sulphur
Vanadium
Tin
Zinc
Shot peening
Nitriding of surface
Cold working
Surface decarburisation
Made by adding carbon in steel
Refined from cast iron
An alloy of iron and carbon with varying quantities of phosphorus and sulphur
Extensively used for making cutting tools
Amount of carbon it contains
The shape and distribution of the carbides in iron
Method of fabrication
Contents of alloying elements
Cold rolled into sheets
Drawn into wires
Formed into tube
Any one of these
Vanadium, chromium, tungsten
Tungsten, titanium, vanadium
Chromium, titanium, vanadium
Tungsten, chromium, titanium
Cast iron
High speed steel
All nonferrous materials
All of the above
Hysteresis
Creep
Visco elasticity
Boeschinger effect
Contain carbon in free from
Require minimum cutting force
Is used where rapid machining is the prime requirement
Can be cut freely
Boron steel
High speed steel
Stainless steel
Malleable cast iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Vanadium
Iron
Makes the iron soft and easily machinable
Increases hardness and brittleness
Make the iron white and hard
Aids fusibility and fluidity
Increase hardenability
Reduce machinability
Increase wear resistance
Increase endurance strength
Austenite
Martensite
Pearlite
Cementite
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
Creep
Hot tempering
Hot hardness
Fatigue
30 %
45 %
55 %
70 %
Lead base alloy
Copper base alloy
Tin base alloy
Cadmium base alloy
3.5 to 4.5% copper, 0.4 to 0.7% magnesium, 0.4 to 0.7% manganese and rest aluminium
3.5 to 4.5% copper, 1.2 to 1.7% manganese, 1.8 to 2.3% nickel, 0.6% each of silicon, magnesium and iron, and rest aluminium
4 to 4.5% magnesium, 3 to 4% copper and rest aluminium
5 to 6% tin, 2 to 3% copper and rest aluminium
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Silver and some impurities
Refined silver
Nickel, Copper and zinc
Nickel and copper
Steels are heated to 500 to 700°C
Cooling is done slowly and steadily
Internal stresses are relieved
All of these
0.02
0.1
02
0.4