Boron steel
High speed steel
Stainless steel
Malleable cast iron
B. High speed steel
Weldability
Formability
Machinability
Hardenability
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Metallic bond
None of these
30 %
45 %
55 %
70 %
Below 10°K
Above 100°K
Around 0°C
Around 100°C
Nickel
Vanadium
Cobalt
Molybdenum
Carbon
Sulphur
Silicon
Manganese
Linear
Nonlinear
Plastic
No fixed relationship
Hot working
Tempering
Normalising
Annealing
Vanadium 4%, chromium 18% and tungsten 1%
Vanadium 1%, chromium 4% and tungsten 18%
Vanadium 18%, chromium 1% and tungsten 4%
None of the above
0.2 %
0.8 %
1.3 %
2 %
It easily machinable
It brittle
It hard
The casting unsound
Nichrome
Invar
Magnin
Elinvar
Line defect
Surface defect
Point defect
None of these
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improve corrosion and heat resistant proper ties
Improves cutting ability and reduce hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anti corrosion property
Improve machinability
Improve ductility
Improve toughness
Release stresses
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Amount of carbon it contains
The shape and distribution of the carbides in iron
Method of fabrication
Contents of alloying elements
Cementite
Free carbon
Flakes
Spheroids
Decrease
Increase
Remain constant
First increase and then decrease
Silver, copper, zinc
Silver, tin, nickel
Silver, lead, zinc
Silver, copper, aluminium
Promotes decarburisation
Provides high hot hardness
Forms very hard carbides and thus increases wear resistance
Promotes retention of austenite
Ferrite and cementite
Cementite and gamma iron
Ferrite and austenite
Ferrite and iron graphite
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Manganese
Silicon
Carbon in the form of free graphite
High tensile strength
Low compressive strength
All of these
Nickel and copper
Nickel and chromium
Nickel, Chromium and iron
Copper and chromium
Fixed structure at all temperatures
Atoms distributed in random pattern
Different crystal structures at different temperatures
Any one of the above
Zinc, magnesium, cobalt, cadmium, antimony and bismuth
Gamma iron, aluminium, copper, lead, silver and nickel
Alpha iron, tungsten, chromium and molybdenum
None of the above
0.8 %
Below 0.8 %
Above 0.8 %
None of these
Hardening surface of work-piece to obtain hard and wear resistant surface
Heating and cooling rapidly
Increasing hardness throughout
Inducing hardness by continuous process
Steel
Al2O3
SiO2
MgO