Silver and some impurities
Refined silver
Nickel, Copper and zinc
Nickel and copper
C. Nickel, Copper and zinc
Promotes decarburisation
Provides high hot hardness
Forms very hard carbides and thus increases wear resistance
Promotes retention of austenite
There is no change in grain size
The average grain size is a minimum
The grain size increases very rapidly
The grain size first increases and then decreases very rapidly
Free carbon
Graphite
Cementite
White carbon
Does not effect
Decreases
Increases
None of these
770°C
910°C
1050°C
Below recrystallisation temperature
Body centred cubic space lattice
Face centred cubic space lattice
Close packed hexagonal space lattice
None of these
Wholly pearlite
Wholly austenite
Pearlite and ferrite
Pearlite and cementite
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Sulphur, lead, phosphorous
Silicon, aluminium, titanium
Vanadium, aluminium
Chromium, nickel
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
0.2 %
0.8 %
1.3 %
2 %
Hard
Soft
Ductile
Tough
Naked eye
Optical microscope
Metallurgical microscope
X-ray techniques
Aluminium
Low carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
High carbon steel
Creep
Fatigue
Endurance
Plastic deformation
Fixed structure at all temperatures
Atoms distributed in random pattern
Different crystal structures at different temperatures
Any one of the above
Percentage of carbon
Percentage of alloying elements
Heat treatment employed
Shape of carbides and their distribution in iron
3.5 to 4.5% copper, 0.4 to 0.7% magnesium, 0.4 to 0.7% manganese and rest aluminium
3.5 to 4.5% copper, 1.2 to 1.7% manganese, 1.8 to 2.3% nickel, 0.6% each of silicon, magnesium and iron, and rest aluminium
4 to 4.5% magnesium, 3 to 4% copper and rest aluminium
5 to 6% tin, 2 to 3% copper and rest aluminium
White metal
Solder admiralty
Fusible metal
Phosphor bronze
Yield point increases
Ductility decreases
Ultimate tensile strength increases
All of these
Silver metal
Duralumin
Hastelloy
Invar
70% copper and 30% zinc
90% copper and 10% ti
85 - 92% copper and rest tin with little lead and nickel
70 - 75% copper and rest tin
High temperature and low strain rates favour brittle fracture
Many metals with hexagonal close packed (H.C.P) crystal structure commonly show brittle fracture
Brittle fracture is always preceded by noise
Cup and cone formation is characteristic for brittle materials
0.02 %
0.3 %
0.63 %
0.8 %
Ability to undergo large permanent deformations in compression
Ability to recover its original form
Ability to undergo large permanent deformations in tension
All of the above
Mild steel
Copper
Nickel
Aluminium
White cast iron
Nodular cast iron
Malleable cast iron
Alloy cast iron
Mild steel
Cast iron
HSS
High carbon
Brittleness
Ductility
Malleability
Plasticity
Cementite
Free carbon
Flakes
Spheroids