VB1 and VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB3
prostatic secretions and the VB2
prostatic secretions and the VB1
B. prostatic secretions and the VB3
the average time from the beginning of radiation therapy to initial symptoms could be 2 4 weeks
treatment with stationary radiation, portals carry a higher risk of morbidity than treatment with rotating portals do
it occurs in about 10% of patients treated with definitive irradiation therapy for prostate cancer after 10 years
most cases are mildly affected and require no specific therapy
beading of the lower ureteral segment
ureteral fibrosis and calcifications of the distal ureter
stricture at the uretero-vesical junction
all of the above
commonly, TB enters the urinary tract via intravesical instillation of attenuated live BCG to treat bladder cancer
CT urography may show infundibular stricture with or without hydrocalicosis
renal ultrasonography reveals calyceal erosions moth-eaten calyx
TB of the vas appears, clinically, as a thin hard strictured tube
CBC reveals leucocytosis with predominance of neutrophils
contrast CT reveals one or more focal wedge-like swollen regions of the kidney parenchyma, sparing the cortex, and demonstrating reduced enhancement rim sign
in children, recurrent acute pyelonephritis might lead to renal scarring
in pregnancy, recurrent acute pyelonephritis might lead to preterm labor
greater than 8 fold
greater than 6 fold
greater than 4 fold
comparable
is most commonly associated with Proteus or E. coli infection
is characterized by lipid-laden foamy macrophages
the overall prognosis is poor
it might involve adjacent structures or organs
aminoglycoside
fluoroquinolone
2nd generation cephalosporin
doxycycline
intra-prostatic ductal reflux
paraphimosis
specific blood groups
unprotected anal intercourse
the hallmark in the diagnosis is the cystoscopic findings
risk factors include transplant recipients
CT shows intramural and/or intraluminal gas in the bladder
requires surgical debridement and probably cystectomy
chronic pyelonephritis and HTN lead to ESRD in 10% of the cases
neonatal symptoms of UTI are vague and non-specific, that delay the diagnosis and end in more scarring
despite adequate treatment, scarring continues after an attack of pyelonephritis as a chronic immune reaction against renal tubules
neonates have low intrarenal pelvic pressure, that predisposes to ascending infections
children
the elderly
men
women
small indirect inguinal hernia may irritate the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve causing orchialgia
might respond to a selective nerve block
the recommended treatment is orchiectomy with implantation of a testicular prosthesis
psychotherapy and stress management might alleviate the pain
is a common cause of elevated PSA level
might follow BCG treatment
is sequelae of untreated type III-b prostatitis
shows homogenous enhancement following Gd-DTPA on prostate MRI
discomfort on placing urethral catheter and pain on bladder filling
difficulty in zeroing the pressure and diminished response to first cough
low filling pressure but high voiding pressure
uninhibited bladder contractions with a relative bladder hypotonia
characterized by neurovirulence
the incubation period of primary genital herpes is 2 3 weeks
HSV can be isolated in the urine
HSV-1 infection causes urethritis more often than HSV-2 does
kidneys and adrenals
bladder and ureters
prostate and vasa
testes and epididymi
neurogenic bladder
the use of spermicide
urinary catheterization
fecal incontinence
should be flushed frequently, but no antibiotic is advised
should be treated if febrile UTI has developed
should be treated only if urine culture is positive
should be treated once the catheter is removed
vesicoureteral reflux
stenosis of the lower ureter
edematous ureteral wall causing deficient peristalsis
any of the above
should be distinguished from testicular torsion in the emergency setting
viral epididymitis is commoner in the elderly
chronic epididymitis might complicate BPH
chronic epididymitis might require epididymectomy
a cause of obstruction should be sought
PCN is placed to decompress the kidney and preserve renal function
blood-born staphylococci are commoner than ascending E.coli infections
blood and urine cultures must dictate the antibiotic choice from day 1
acute epididymitis
indwelling urethral catheters
transurethral surgery
all of the above
most cysts appear as filling defects on cystography
most often found in the trigone area
the cyst lumens contain esinophilic secretions that may have a few inflammatory cells
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis are reactive urothelial changes
abscess appears as a low attenuation cystic cavity containing gas
renal parenchyma around the abscess cavity may show hypo enhancement in nephrogram phase
associated fascial and septal thickening are seen with obliteration of perinephric fat
all of the above
AIDS patients in active infection show low CD4 + T-cell count
the diagnosis is confirmed by positive anti-HIV-1, anti-HIV-2 antibodies
patients receiving antiviral therapy could still be infectious
herpes simplex virus increases HIV replication in infected persons
no pathognomonic histology for interstitial cystitis
basically, biopsies are performed to exclude carcinomas and other varieties of cystitis
diagnostic biopsies include the presence of discrete micro-ulcers and increased numbers of mast cells in the detrusor muscle or submucosa
none of the above
fever, chills, abdominal pain
costovertibral angle tenderness
hypogastric and loin pain
flank pain, dysuria
beaded vas deferens
testicular micrilithiasis
testicular atrophy
epididymal granuloma
urethral infection with trichomonas vaginalis
bladder infection with adenovirus
Kawasakis disease
all of the above
drug resistance
non-compliance
the presence of persistent pathology
all of the above