a 12-core biopsy is the standard
in preparation for the procedure, a self-administered enema is suggested
sepsis might complicate the procedure
the biopsy path is best visualized in the coronal plane
D. the biopsy path is best visualized in the coronal plane
most cases are identified by screening asymptomatic men
physical examination alone cannot reliably differentiate benign prostatic conditions from cancer
most diagnosed cases have normal DRE and PSA values
prostate biopsy establishes the diagnosis
used to stage prostate cancer
a specimen of grade 3 + 4 is worse than 4 + 3
a sum of 6 suggests an intermediate risk for aggressive cancer
it has a role in guiding the appropriate treatment options
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
a low score means the cancer tissue is similar to normal prostate tissue
it indicates how likely the tumor will spread
the more cellular atypia observed the higher scoring will be
it relies only on the glandular architectural pattern
hematospermia might persist for 4 6 weeks after taking biopsies
quinolone antibiotics prophylaxis eliminate possible infections
the right lateral decubitus position is commonly preferred
only hypoechoic lesions should be biopsied
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
the age of the patient
preoperative potency status
extent of nerve-sparing surgery
all of the above
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
disruption of protein synthesis
coagulative necrosis
cell wall destruction
DNA damage
4, 2 respectively
8, 5 respectively
6, 3 respectively
7, 4 respectively
imperfect prostate biopsies
immature teratoma
schistosomiasis
liposarcoma
entails a genetic analysis of cells in the voided urine
urine sample is collected after a firm massage of the prostate
helps screen patients who are at intermediate risk of cancer
helps avoid the inconvenience of prostate biopsy
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
85% of prostate adenocarcinomas are located in the peripheral zone
15% of them are multifocal
they tend to extend outside the prostate through the perineural space
the presence of perineural invasion does not worsen the prognosis
thyroid gland
breast tissue
adrenal glands
renal carcinomas
PSA velocity of 0.35 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is ≤ 2.5 ng/mL
PSA velocity of 0.75 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is 4 10 ng/mL
t-PSA is 2.8 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.94 ng/mL
t-PSA is 3.7 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.51 ng/mL
lymph nodes, bone, lung, bladder, liver, and adrenal glands
bone, lung, lymph nodes, liver, bladder, and adrenal glands
lung, liver, lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, and bladder
liver, lung, bone, lymph nodes, bladder, and adrenal glands
survival rate
pathologic stage
extracapsular extension
lymph node involvement
seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastases
positive surgical margins and seminal vesicle involvement
capsular penetration and lymph node metastases
rectal and bladder neck involvement
a 12-core biopsy is the standard
in preparation for the procedure, a self-administered enema is suggested
sepsis might complicate the procedure
the biopsy path is best visualized in the coronal plane
reduces positive surgical margins
reduces local recurrence
has no proven advantage
reduces cardiac complications
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
patients who have a life expectancy ≤ 10 yrs. and/or well to moderately differentiated cancer
≥ 70 yrs. of age
PSA < 10 ng/mL, ratio < 0.22
patients with good performance status
apex
posterior
postero-lateral
anterior
decreased t-PSA but increased f-PSA
decreased t-PSA but unaltered f-PSA
decreased t-PSA and decreased f-PSA
any of the above
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
urethral stricture, impotence, and rectal bleeding
impotence, rectal bleeding, and urethral stricture
impotence, urethral stricture, and rectal bleeding
rectal bleeding, impotence, and urethral stricture
> 50% of men with PSA > 10 ng/mL have the disease beyond the prostate
pelvic lymph node involvement is found in PSA > 20 ng/mL
70% of men with a PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
80% of men with PSA < 4 ng/mL have organ-confined disease