incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
A. incontinence
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
¼
½
apex
posterior
postero-lateral
anterior
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
hypoxia and acidosis
tachycardia and tachypnea
bradycardia and hypotension
hypercarbia and oliguria
decreased t-PSA but increased f-PSA
decreased t-PSA but unaltered f-PSA
decreased t-PSA and decreased f-PSA
any of the above
initially drop to nadir, and then recover over 2 weeks
decline by 50% within 2 weeks and then normalize
decline by 90% within 24 hours
decline by 70%
prostate cancer
corpora amylacea
transitional zone
tuberculous prostatitis
entails a genetic analysis of cells in the voided urine
urine sample is collected after a firm massage of the prostate
helps screen patients who are at intermediate risk of cancer
helps avoid the inconvenience of prostate biopsy
disruption of protein synthesis
coagulative necrosis
cell wall destruction
DNA damage
> 50% of men with PSA > 10 ng/mL have the disease beyond the prostate
pelvic lymph node involvement is found in PSA > 20 ng/mL
70% of men with a PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
80% of men with PSA < 4 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
patients who have a life expectancy ≤ 10 yrs. and/or well to moderately differentiated cancer
≥ 70 yrs. of age
PSA < 10 ng/mL, ratio < 0.22
patients with good performance status
4, 2 respectively
8, 5 respectively
6, 3 respectively
7, 4 respectively
used to stage prostate cancer
a specimen of grade 3 + 4 is worse than 4 + 3
a sum of 6 suggests an intermediate risk for aggressive cancer
it has a role in guiding the appropriate treatment options
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
most cases are identified by screening asymptomatic men
physical examination alone cannot reliably differentiate benign prostatic conditions from cancer
most diagnosed cases have normal DRE and PSA values
prostate biopsy establishes the diagnosis
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
slow thawing is more effective than rapid thawing
the most common complication is erectile dysfunction
for effective thawing a minimum temperature of − 25° C and a double freeze/thaw cycle with urethral warming are recommended
the two most common modalities employed in focal therapy are highintensity focused ultrasound and cryosurgery
survival rate
pathologic stage
extracapsular extension
lymph node involvement
it overdiagnoses clinically insignificant cancers
it misses clinically significant cancers in the anterior or apical regions
it may underrepresent true cancer burden
all of the above
bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
cryotherapy
chemotherapy
brachytherapy
radical prostatectomy
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
volume ≥ 0.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 4
volume ≥ 0.8 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 4
volume ≥ 1.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 3
volume ≥ 1.0 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 3
preoperative clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason sum
seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases, and Gleason sum
positive surgical margins, capsular penetration, and PSA level
PSA level, perineural invasion, vascular metastasis, and Gleason sum
the most common cause of mortality in men with prostate cancer is cardiac disease
is the second most common cause of cancer death in males
androgens have a pivotal role in prostate cancer development
low protein and high carbohydrate diet play a role in the development of prostate cancer
PSA velocity of 0.35 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is ≤ 2.5 ng/mL
PSA velocity of 0.75 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is 4 10 ng/mL
t-PSA is 2.8 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.94 ng/mL
t-PSA is 3.7 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.51 ng/mL
thyroid gland
breast tissue
adrenal glands
renal carcinomas
seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastases
positive surgical margins and seminal vesicle involvement
capsular penetration and lymph node metastases
rectal and bladder neck involvement