What is false regarding prostate adenocarcinoma in the peripheral zone?
85% of prostate adenocarcinomas are located in the peripheral zone
15% of them are multifocal
they tend to extend outside the prostate through the perineural space
the presence of perineural invasion does not worsen the prognosis
Correct Answer :
B. 15% of them are multifocal
85% of them are multifocal.
Related Questions
Genetically, increased risk of prostate cancer has been found in men with:
variants in the 8q24 region on chromosome 8, in sporadic cases
alterations on chromosome 1, chromosome 17, and the X chromosome, in some familial cases
the human prostate cancer gene is on the X chromosome
all are true
In descending order, to where do prostate cancers metastasize?
lymph nodes, bone, lung, bladder, liver, and adrenal glands
bone, lung, lymph nodes, liver, bladder, and adrenal glands
lung, liver, lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, and bladder
liver, lung, bone, lymph nodes, bladder, and adrenal glands
What is true regarding prostatic tissue levels of hK2?
intensely expressed in benign prostatic epithelium
increased in poorly differentiated prostate cancer tissue
helps differentiate benign from malignant causes of high t-PSA
is an organ but not pathology specific marker
Prostate-specific membrane antigen has been detected in:
the prostate gland only
the central nervous system, intestine, and the prostate
malignant ovarian cysts, skeletal muscles, and the prostate
thyroid glands, adrenals, and the prostate
What is true surrounding PSA?
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
Regarding radiotherapy for prostate cancer, what is the lowest recommended dose for salvage therapy?
54 Gy
64 Gy
74 Gy
84 Gy
What is the commonest complication of high-intensity focused ultrasound on treating localized prostate cancer?
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
Regarding chemotherapy for prostate cancers, nonsteroidal antiandrogens will result in:
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
Screening for prostate cancer is recommended for men who are:
at average risk, aging 50 yrs., and have at least a 10-year life expectancy
aging 40 yrs., and had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
aging 40 yrs., African Americans
all of the above
What is against using TRUS-guided therapy for focal prostate cancer?
it overdiagnoses clinically insignificant cancers
it misses clinically significant cancers in the anterior or apical regions
it may underrepresent true cancer burden
all of the above
In which of the following PSA readings prostate cancer is least suspected?
PSA velocity of 0.35 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is ≤ 2.5 ng/mL
PSA velocity of 0.75 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is 4 10 ng/mL
t-PSA is 2.8 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.94 ng/mL
t-PSA is 3.7 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.51 ng/mL
What is false regarding the histology of prostatic cancers?
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
What is false concerning Gleason scoring system for prostate cancers?
ranges from 0 -10 based on a histologic evaluation of tumor specimens
based on the 2 most common histologic patterns
greatly relies on the skills and experience of the pathologist
a score of 7 indicates a moderate-grade or moderately differentiated tumor
What advantage does laparoscopic/robotic prostatectomy has over open surgery in treating prostate cancers?
preserving potency
avoiding incontinence
less bleeding
all of the above
Partin tables are probability tables for the determination of pathologic stages of prostatic cancers based on:
preoperative clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason sum
seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases, and Gleason sum
positive surgical margins, capsular penetration, and PSA level
PSA level, perineural invasion, vascular metastasis, and Gleason sum
Following bilateral orchiectomy for prostate cancer, testosterone will:
initially drop to nadir, and then recover over 2 weeks
decline by 50% within 2 weeks and then normalize
decline by 90% within 24 hours
decline by 70%
In which of the following situations prostate biopsy is most indicated?
normal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, normal PSA
hyperechoic areas on TRUS
What is false regarding prostate adenocarcinoma in the peripheral zone?
85% of prostate adenocarcinomas are located in the peripheral zone
15% of them are multifocal
they tend to extend outside the prostate through the perineural space
the presence of perineural invasion does not worsen the prognosis
What class of prostate cancer medications causes an initial increase in LH, FSH levels and consequently a rise in testosterone level for few weeks?
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
What is false concerning the interpretation of Gleason scoring system?
a low score means the cancer tissue is similar to normal prostate tissue
it indicates how likely the tumor will spread
the more cellular atypia observed the higher scoring will be
it relies only on the glandular architectural pattern
Ectopic expression of PSA occurs in all of the following, EXCEPT:
thyroid gland
breast tissue
adrenal glands
renal carcinomas
What if false concerning the prostate cancer marker PCA3?
entails a genetic analysis of cells in the voided urine
urine sample is collected after a firm massage of the prostate
helps screen patients who are at intermediate risk of cancer
helps avoid the inconvenience of prostate biopsy
What are the possible complications of CO2 pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic/robotic prostatectomy?
hypoxia and acidosis
tachycardia and tachypnea
bradycardia and hypotension
hypercarbia and oliguria
What is false concerning TRUS prostatic biopsy?
a 12-core biopsy is the standard
in preparation for the procedure, a self-administered enema is suggested
sepsis might complicate the procedure
the biopsy path is best visualized in the coronal plane
Which factor is closely related to the return to urinary continence function after radical retropubic prostatectomy?
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
Solid lesions in the seminal vesicles are most likely to be a result of:
imperfect prostate biopsies
immature teratoma
schistosomiasis
liposarcoma
What is false concerning antiandrogen class of prostate cancer medications?
commonly used in combination with a GnRH agonist
less effective than medical or surgical castration
not recommended for localized prostate cancer
inhibits various cytochrome P-450 enzymes
What is true about the usefulness of Gleason scoring system?
used to stage prostate cancer
a specimen of grade 3 + 4 is worse than 4 + 3
a sum of 6 suggests an intermediate risk for aggressive cancer
it has a role in guiding the appropriate treatment options
Which factor(s) determine(s) the return to normal erectile function after radical retropubic prostatectomy?
the age of the patient
preoperative potency status
extent of nerve-sparing surgery
all of the above
What is the primary mechanism of prostate tissue ablation using high-intensity focused ultrasound?
disruption of protein synthesis
coagulative necrosis
cell wall destruction
DNA damage